使用后端服务器进行身份验证

如果您在与后端通信的应用或网站上使用 Google 登录功能 服务器，您可能需要识别该服务器上当前已登录的用户。 为了安全起见，请在用户成功登录后，向用户发送 使用 HTTPS 向服务器传送 ID 令牌。然后在服务器上验证完整性 并使用令牌中包含的用户信息来建立 会话或创建新账号。

警告：不接受普通的用户 ID、 例如您可以通过在后端使用 GoogleUser.getId() method 获取的 服务器。修改后的客户端应用可将任意用户 ID 发送到您的 服务器来模拟用户，因此您必须使用可验证的 ID 令牌来 在服务器端安全地获取已登录用户的用户 ID。

将 ID 令牌发送到您的服务器

在用户成功登录后，获取用户的 ID 令牌：

function onSignIn(googleUser) {
  var id_token = googleUser.getAuthResponse().id_token;
  ...
}

然后，通过 HTTPS POST 请求将 ID 令牌发送到您的服务器：

var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
xhr.open('POST', 'https://yourbackend.example.com/tokensignin');
xhr.setRequestHeader('Content-Type', 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded');
xhr.onload = function() {
  console.log('Signed in as: ' + xhr.responseText);
};
xhr.send('idtoken=' + id_token);

验证 ID 令牌的完整性

在通过 HTTPS POST 收到 ID 令牌后，您必须验证完整性 令牌的值。

To verify that the token is valid, ensure that the following criteria are satisfied:

• The ID token is properly signed by Google. Use Google's public keys (available in JWK or PEM format) to verify the token's signature. These keys are regularly rotated; examine the Cache-Control header in the response to determine when you should retrieve them again.
• The value of aud in the ID token is equal to one of your app's client IDs. This check is necessary to prevent ID tokens issued to a malicious app being used to access data about the same user on your app's backend server.
• The value of iss in the ID token is equal to accounts.google.com or https://accounts.google.com.
• The expiry time (exp) of the ID token has not passed.
• If you need to validate that the ID token represents a Google Workspace or Cloud organization account, you can check the hd claim, which indicates the hosted domain of the user. This must be used when restricting access to a resource to only members of certain domains. The absence of this claim indicates that the account does not belong to a Google hosted domain.

Using the email, email_verified and hd fields, you can determine if Google hosts and is authoritative for an email address. In the cases where Google is authoritative, the user is known to be the legitimate account owner, and you may skip password or other challenge methods.

Cases where Google is authoritative:

• email has a @gmail.com suffix, this is a Gmail account.
• email_verified is true and hd is set, this is a G Suite account.

Users may register for Google Accounts without using Gmail or G Suite. When email does not contain a @gmail.com suffix and hd is absent, Google is not authoritative and password or other challenge methods are recommended to verify the user. email_verified can also be true as Google initially verified the user when the Google account was created, however ownership of the third party email account may have since changed.

Rather than writing your own code to perform these verification steps, we strongly recommend using a Google API client library for your platform, or a general-purpose JWT library. For development and debugging, you can call our tokeninfo validation endpoint.

使用 Google API 客户端库

使用某个 Google API 客户端库（例如 Java、 Node.js、 PHP、 Python） 是在生产环境中验证 Google ID 令牌的推荐方法。

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Java

要在 Java 中验证 ID 令牌，请使用 GoogleIdTokenVerifier 对象。例如：

import com.google.api.client.googleapis.auth.oauth2.GoogleIdToken;
import com.google.api.client.googleapis.auth.oauth2.GoogleIdToken.Payload;
import com.google.api.client.googleapis.auth.oauth2.GoogleIdTokenVerifier;

...

GoogleIdTokenVerifier verifier = new GoogleIdTokenVerifier.Builder(transport, jsonFactory)
    // Specify the CLIENT_ID of the app that accesses the backend:
    .setAudience(Collections.singletonList(CLIENT_ID))
    // Or, if multiple clients access the backend:
    //.setAudience(Arrays.asList(CLIENT_ID_1, CLIENT_ID_2, CLIENT_ID_3))
    .build();

// (Receive idTokenString by HTTPS POST)

GoogleIdToken idToken = verifier.verify(idTokenString);
if (idToken != null) {
  Payload payload = idToken.getPayload();

  // Print user identifier
  String userId = payload.getSubject();
  System.out.println("User ID: " + userId);

  // Get profile information from payload
  String email = payload.getEmail();
  boolean emailVerified = Boolean.valueOf(payload.getEmailVerified());
  String name = (String) payload.get("name");
  String pictureUrl = (String) payload.get("picture");
  String locale = (String) payload.get("locale");
  String familyName = (String) payload.get("family_name");
  String givenName = (String) payload.get("given_name");

  // Use or store profile information
  // ...

} else {
  System.out.println("Invalid ID token.");
}

GoogleIdTokenVerifier.verify() 方法验证 JWT 签名、aud 声明、iss 声明以及 exp 项版权主张。

如果您需要验证 ID 令牌是否代表 Google Workspace 或 Cloud 组织账号，您可以通过检查域名来验证 hd 所有权声明 由 Payload.getHostedDomain() 方法返回。该 email 声明不足以保证账号是由网域管理 或组织。

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Node.js

要在 Node.js 中验证 ID 令牌，请使用适用于 Node.js 的 Google Auth 库。 安装该库：

npm install google-auth-library --save

然后，调用 verifyIdToken() 函数。例如：

const {OAuth2Client} = require('google-auth-library');
const client = new OAuth2Client();
async function verify() {
  const ticket = await client.verifyIdToken({
      idToken: token,
      audience: CLIENT_ID,  // Specify the CLIENT_ID of the app that accesses the backend
      // Or, if multiple clients access the backend:
      //[CLIENT_ID_1, CLIENT_ID_2, CLIENT_ID_3]
  });
  const payload = ticket.getPayload();
  const userid = payload['sub'];
  // If the request specified a Google Workspace domain:
  // const domain = payload['hd'];
}
verify().catch(console.error);

verifyIdToken 函数用于验证 JWT 签名、aud 声明、exp 声明 以及 iss 声明。

如果您需要验证 ID 令牌是否代表 Google Workspace 或 Cloud 组织账号时，您可以查看 hd 声明，该声明表示托管的 用户的网域。将资源访问权限限制为仅允许成员访问时，必须使用此设置 特定网域的用户缺少此声明即表示该账号不属于 Google 托管的域。

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PHP

要在 PHP 中验证 ID 令牌，请使用适用于 PHP 的 Google API 客户端库。 安装该库（例如，使用 Composer）：

composer require google/apiclient

然后，调用 verifyIdToken() 函数。例如：

require_once 'vendor/autoload.php';

// Get $id_token via HTTPS POST.

$client = new Google_Client(['client_id' => $CLIENT_ID]);  // Specify the CLIENT_ID of the app that accesses the backend
$payload = $client->verifyIdToken($id_token);
if ($payload) {
  $userid = $payload['sub'];
  // If the request specified a Google Workspace domain
  //$domain = $payload['hd'];
} else {
  // Invalid ID token
}

verifyIdToken 函数用于验证 JWT 签名、aud 声明、exp 声明 以及 iss 声明。

如果您需要验证 ID 令牌是否代表 Google Workspace 或 Cloud 组织账号时，您可以查看 hd 声明，该声明表示托管的 用户的网域。将资源访问权限限制为仅允许成员访问时，必须使用此设置 特定网域的用户缺少此声明即表示该账号不属于 Google 托管的域。

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Python

要在 Python 中验证 ID 令牌，请使用 verify_oauth2_token 函数。例如：

from google.oauth2 import id_token
from google.auth.transport import requests

# (Receive token by HTTPS POST)
# ...

try:
    # Specify the CLIENT_ID of the app that accesses the backend:
    idinfo = id_token.verify_oauth2_token(token, requests.Request(), CLIENT_ID)

    # Or, if multiple clients access the backend server:
    # idinfo = id_token.verify_oauth2_token(token, requests.Request())
    # if idinfo['aud'] not in [CLIENT_ID_1, CLIENT_ID_2, CLIENT_ID_3]:
    #     raise ValueError('Could not verify audience.')

    # If the request specified a Google Workspace domain
    # if idinfo['hd'] != DOMAIN_NAME:
    #     raise ValueError('Wrong domain name.')

    # ID token is valid. Get the user's Google Account ID from the decoded token.
    userid = idinfo['sub']
except ValueError:
    # Invalid token
    pass

verify_oauth2_token 函数验证 JWT 签名、aud 声明和 exp 声明。 您还必须验证 hd 检查 verify_oauth2_token 返回。如果多个客户端访问 后端服务器，另请手动验证 aud 声明。

Calling the tokeninfo endpoint

An easy way to validate an ID token signature for debugging is to use the tokeninfo endpoint. Calling this endpoint involves an additional network request that does most of the validation for you while you test proper validation and payload extraction in your own code. It is not suitable for use in production code as requests may be throttled or otherwise subject to intermittent errors.

To validate an ID token using the tokeninfo endpoint, make an HTTPS POST or GET request to the endpoint, and pass your ID token in the id_token parameter. For example, to validate the token "XYZ123", make the following GET request:

https://oauth2.googleapis.com/tokeninfo?id_token=XYZ123

If the token is properly signed and the iss and exp claims have the expected values, you will get a HTTP 200 response, where the body contains the JSON-formatted ID token claims. Here's an example response:

{
 // These six fields are included in all Google ID Tokens.
 "iss": "https://accounts.google.com",
 "sub": "110169484474386276334",
 "azp": "1008719970978-hb24n2dstb40o45d4feuo2ukqmcc6381.apps.googleusercontent.com",
 "aud": "1008719970978-hb24n2dstb40o45d4feuo2ukqmcc6381.apps.googleusercontent.com",
 "iat": "1433978353",
 "exp": "1433981953",

 // These seven fields are only included when the user has granted the "profile" and
 // "email" OAuth scopes to the application.
 "email": "[e-mail]",
 "email_verified": "true",
 "name" : "Test User",
 "picture": "https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-kYgzyAWpZzJ/ABCDEFGHI/AAAJKLMNOP/tIXL9Ir44LE/s99-c/photo.jpg",
 "given_name": "Test",
 "family_name": "User",
 "locale": "en"
}

Warning: Once you get these claims, you still need to check that the aud claim contains one of your app's client IDs. If it does, then the token is both valid and intended for your client, and you can safely retrieve and use the user's unique Google ID from the sub claim.

If you need to validate that the ID token represents a Google Workspace account, you can check the hd claim, which indicates the hosted domain of the user. This must be used when restricting access to a resource to only members of certain domains. The absence of this claim indicates that the account does not belong to a Google Workspace hosted domain.

创建账号或会话

验证令牌后，检查用户是否在您的用户中 数据库。如果是这样，请为用户建立经过身份验证的会话。如果用户 ，则请使用下面的信息创建新的用户记录 ID 令牌载荷中，并为用户建立会话。您可以提示 当您检测到某个事件时， 新用户。

保护用户的启用了跨账号保护功能的账号

当您依靠 Google 来登录某个用户时，您将自动享受到 Google 为保护用户数据而构建的安全功能和基础架构。不过， 在极少数情况下，万一用户的 Google 账号遭到盗用，或者存在其他 重大安全性事件，那么您的应用也可能容易受到攻击。为了更好地保护您的 使用跨账号 保护以接收来自 Google 的安全提醒。收到这些事件后 了解有关用户 Google 账号安全性的重要变化，并 然后，您可以对该服务采取措施，以确保您账号的安全。