In our shared pursuit to push the web to do more, we're running into a common problem: performance. Sites have more features than ever before. So much so, that many sites now struggle to achieve a high level of performance across a variety of network conditions and devices.
Performance issues vary. At best, they create small delays that are only briefly annoying to your users. At worst, they make your site completely inaccessible, unresponsive to user input, or both.
Performance is about retaining users
We want users to interact meaningfully with what we build. If it's a blog, we want people to read posts. If it's an online store, we want them to buy stuff. If it's a social network, we want them to interact with each other.
Performance plays a major role in the success of any online venture. Here are some case studies that show how high-performing sites engage and retain users better than low-performing ones:
- Pinterest increased search engine traffic and sign-ups by 15% when they reduced perceived wait times by 40%.
- COOK increased conversions by 7%, decreased bounce rates by 7%, and increased pages per session by 10% when they reduced average page load time by 850 milliseconds.
Here are a couple case studies where low performance had a negative impact on business goals:
- The BBC found they lost an additional 10% of users for every additional second their site took to load.
- DoubleClick by Google found 53% of mobile site visits were abandoned if a page took longer than 3 seconds to load.
In the same DoubleClick by Google study cited above, it was found that sites loading within 5 seconds had 70% longer sessions, 35% lower bounce rates, and 25% higher ad viewability than sites taking nearly four times longer at 19 seconds. To get a rough idea of how your site's performance compares with your competitors, check out the Speed Scorecard tool.
Performance is about improving conversions
Retaining users is crucial to improving conversions. Slow sites have a negative impact on revenue, and the opposite is also true. Here are some examples of how performance has played a role in making businesses more (or less) profitable:
- For Mobify, every 100ms decrease in homepage load speed worked out to a 1.11% increase in session-based conversion, yielding an average annual revenue increase of nearly $380,000. Additionally, a 100ms decrease in checkout page load speed amounted to a 1.55% increase in session-based conversion, which in turn yielded an average annual revenue increase of nearly $530,000.
- DoubleClick found publishers whose sites loaded within five seconds earned up to twice as much ad revenue than sites loading within 19 seconds.
- When AutoAnything reduced page load time by half, they saw a boost of 12-13% in sales.
If you run a business on the web, performance is crucial. If your site's user experience is fast and responsive to user input, it can only serve you well. To see how performance could potentially affect your revenue, check out the Impact Calculator tool.
Performance is about the user experience
When you navigate to a URL, you do so from any number of potential starting points. Depending on a number of conditions, such as connection quality and the device you're using, your experience could be quite different from another user's.
As a site begins to load, there's a period of time where users wait for content to appear. Until this happens, there's no user experience to speak of. This lack of an experience is fleeting on fast connections. On slower connections, however, users are forced to wait. Users may experience more problems as page resources slowly trickle in.
Performance is a foundational aspect of good user experiences. When sites ship a lot of code, browsers must use megabytes of the user's data plan in order to download the code. Mobile devices have limited CPU power and memory. They often get overwhelmed with what we might consider a small amount of unoptimized code. This creates poor performance which leads to unresponsiveness. Knowing what we know about human behavior, users will only tolerate low performing applications for so long before abandoning them. If you want to know more about how to assess your site's performance and find opportunities for improvement, check out How to Think About Speed Tools.
Performance is about people
Poorly performing sites and applications can also pose real costs for the people who use them.
As mobile users continue to make up a larger portion of internet users worldwide, it's important to bear in mind that many of these users access the web through mobile LTE, 4G, 3G and even 2G networks. As Ben Schwarz of Calibre points out in this study of real world performance, the cost of prepaid data plans is decreasing, which in turn is making access to the internet more affordable in places where it once wasn't. Mobile devices and internet access are no longer luxuries. They are common tools necessary to navigate and function in an increasingly interconnected world.
Total page size has been steadily increasing since at least 2011, and the trend appears to be continuing. As the typical page sends more data, users must replenish their metered data plans more often, which costs them money.
In addition to saving your users money, fast and lightweight user experiences can also prove crucial for users in crisis. Public resources such as hospitals, clinics, and crisis centers have online resources that give users important and specific information that they need during a crisis. While design is pivotal in presenting important information efficiently in stressful moments, the importance of delivering this information fast can't be understated. It's part of our job.
Where to go from here
While the lists below may seem daunting, understand you don't need to do all of these things to improve the performance of your site. They are just starting points, so don't feel overwhelmed! Anything you can do to improve performance will be helpful to your users.
Mind what resources you send
An effective method of building high performance applications is to audit what resources you send to users. While the Network panel in Chrome DevTools does a fantastic job of summarizing all the resources used on a given page, it can be daunting to know where to start if you haven't considered performance until now. Here are a few suggestions:
- If you use Bootstrap or Foundation to build your UI, ask yourself if they're necessary. Such abstractions add heaps of CSS the browser must download, parse, and apply to a page, all before your site-specific CSS enters the picture. Flexbox and Grid are superb at creating both simple and complex layouts with relatively little code. Because CSS is a render blocking resource, the overhead of a CSS framework can delay rendering significantly. You can speed up your rendering by removing unnecessary overhead whenever possible.
- JavaScript libraries are convenient, but not always necessary. Take jQuery for
example: Element selection has been greatly simplified thanks to methods like
querySelectorandquerySelectorAll. Event binding is easy withaddEventListener.classList,setAttribute, andgetAttributeoffer easy ways of working with classes and element attributes. If you must use a library, research for leaner alternatives. For example, Zepto is a smaller jQuery alternative, and Preact is a much smaller alternative to React. - Not all websites need to be single page applications (SPAs), as they often make extensive use of JavaScript. JavaScript is the most expensive resource we serve on the web byte for byte, as it must not only be downloaded, but parsed, compiled and executed as well. For example, news and blog sites with optimized front end architecture can perform well as traditional multipage experiences. Particularly if HTTP caching is configured properly, and optionally, if a service worker is used.
Mind how you send resources
Efficient delivery is vital to building fast user experiences.
- Migrate to HTTP/2. HTTP/2 addresses many performance problems inherent in HTTP/1.1, such as concurrent request limits and the lack of header compression.
- Download resources earlier using resource
hints.
rel=preloadis one such resource hint that allows early fetches of critical resources before the browser would otherwise discover them. This can have a pronounced positive effect on page rendering and lowering Time to Interactive when used judiciously.rel=preconnectis another resource hint that can mask the latency of opening new connections for resources hosted on third party domains. - Modern sites ship a lot of JavaScript and CSS on average. It was common to bundle styles and scripts into large bundles in HTTP/1 environments. This was done because a large amount of requests was detrimental to performance. This is no longer the case now that HTTP/2 is on the scene, as multiple, simultaneous requests are cheaper. Consider using code splitting in webpack to limit the amount of scripts downloaded to only what is needed by the current page or view. Separate your CSS into smaller template or component-specific files, and only include those resources where they're likely to be used.
Mind how much data you send
Here are some suggestions for limiting how much data you send:
- Minify text assets. Minification is the removal of unnecessary whitespace, comments and other content in text-based resources. It significantly reduces the amount of data you send to users without impacting functionality. Use uglification in JavaScript to get more savings through shortening variable and method names. Since SVG is a text-based image format, it can be optimized with SVGO.
- Configure your server to compress resources. Compression drastically reduces the amount of data you send to users, especially text assets. GZIP is a popular option, but Brotli compression can go further. Understand, however, that compression is not a catch-all for performance woes: Some file formats which are implicitly compressed (e.g., JPEG, PNG, GIF, WOFF, et cetera) don't respond to compression because they're already compressed.
- Optimize images to ensure your site sends as little image data as possible. Since images make up a large portion of the average per-page payload on the web, image optimization represents a uniquely large opportunity to boost performance.
- If you have time, consider serving alternative image formats. WebP enjoys reasonably broad browser support, and uses less data than JPEG and PNG while keeping visual quality high. JPEG XR is another alternative format supported in IE and Edge offering similar savings.
- Deliver images
responsively.
The huge diversity of devices and their screens presents a tremendous
opportunity to improve performance by sending images that are the best fit for
the screens that view them. In the simplest use cases, you can add an
srcsetattribute to an<img>element to specify an array of images the browser can choose from. On the more complex side of things, you can use<picture>to help the browser choose the most optimal format (e.g., WebP over JPEG or PNG), or serve altogether different treatments of images for different screen sizes. - Use video instead of animated GIFs. Animated GIFs are massive. Videos of similar quality are far smaller, often by 80% or so. If your site makes heavy use of animated GIFs, this is probably the most impactful thing you can do to improve loading performance.
- Client hints can
tailor resource delivery based on current network conditions and device
characteristics. The
DPR,WidthandViewport-Widthheaders can help you deliver the best images for a device using server-side code and deliver less markup. TheSave-Dataheader can help you deliver lighter application experiences for users who are specifically asking you to do so. - The
NetworkInformationAPI exposes information about the user's network connection. This information can be used to modify application experiences for users on slower networks.
For a more holistic guide on improving performance, check out our writeup on the RAIL performance model, which focuses on improving both load time and application responsiveness. Our PRPL pattern guide is also an excellent resource for improving the performance of modern single page applications.
If you're excited to learn more about performance and how to make your site faster, browse through our performance documentation for guides on a variety of topics. We're constantly adding new guides and updating existing ones, so keep coming back!
Special thanks to Addy Osmani, Jeff Posnick, Matt Gaunt, Philip Walton, Vinamrata Singal, Daniel An, and Pete LePage for their extensive feedback in improving and launching this resource!