帳戶連結會使用業界標準的 OAuth 2.0 隱含和授權碼流程。您的服務必須支援符合 OAuth 2.0 標準的授權和權杖交換端點。
在隱含流程中,Google 會在使用者的瀏覽器中開啟授權端點。成功登入後,會將長期存取權杖傳回 Google。這個存取權杖現在已納入 Google 發出的每項要求。
在授權碼流程中,您需要兩個端點:
授權端點,會為尚未登入的使用者顯示登入 UI。授權端點也會建立短效授權碼,記錄使用者對所要求存取權的同意聲明。
權杖交換端點,負責兩種交換:
- 交換授權碼用於長期更新權杖和短期存取權杖。使用者進行帳戶連結流程時,就會發生這個交換。
- 這個外掛程式能使用長期更新權杖做為短期存取權杖。 如果 Google 需要新的存取權存證,因為舊的存證已過期,就會發生此交換。
選擇 OAuth 2.0 流程
雖然隱含流程的實作方式較簡單,但 Google 建議隱含流程發出的存取權杖永遠不會過期。這是因為權杖過期後,系統必須要求使用者再次連結帳戶。如果您基於安全性考量而需要代碼到期,強烈建議您改用授權程式碼流程。
設計指南
本節說明針對 OAuth 連結流程所託管使用者畫面的設計需求和建議。Google 的應用程式呼叫後,您的平台會向使用者顯示登入 Google 頁面和帳戶連結同意畫面。使用者同意連結帳戶後,系統會將他們導向 Google 的應用程式。
需求條件
- 您必須說明使用者的帳戶將連結至 Google,而不是 Google Home 或 Google 助理等特定 Google 產品。
建議
建議您採取以下做法:
顯示《Google 隱私權政策》。在同意畫面加入 Google 隱私權政策連結。
要共用的資料。使用簡潔明瞭的表達方式,向使用者說明 Google 需要他們的哪些資料,以及原因。
明確的行動號召。在同意聲明畫面上明確列出行動號召,例如「同意並連結」。這是因為使用者需要瞭解自己必須與 Google 分享哪些資料,才能連結帳戶。
可取消訂閱。如果使用者選擇不連結,請提供返回或取消的選項。
清除登入程序。請確認使用者有明確的方法登入 Google 帳戶,例如使用者名稱和密碼欄位,或使用 Google 帳戶登入。
可取消連結。提供使用者解除連結的機制,例如平台上帳戶設定的網址。或者,您也可以加入 Google 帳戶的連結,讓使用者能管理已連結帳戶。
變更使用者帳戶的功能。建議使用者切換帳戶的方法。如果使用者傾向擁有多個帳戶,這項功能就特別實用。
- 如果使用者必須關閉同意畫面才能切換帳戶,請將可復原的錯誤傳送給 Google,方便使用者透過 OAuth 連結和隱含流程登入所需帳戶。
加入標誌。在同意畫面上顯示公司標誌。 請依照您的樣式規範放置標誌。如果您也想顯示 Google 的標誌,請參閱標誌和商標。
Create the project
To create your project to use account linking:
- Go to the Google API Console.
- 單擊創建項目 。
- 輸入名稱或接受生成的建議。
- 確認或編輯所有剩餘字段。
- 點擊創建 。
要查看您的項目ID:
- Go to the Google API Console.
- 在登錄頁面的表格中找到您的項目。項目ID出現在ID列中。
Configure your OAuth Consent Screen
The Google Account Linking process includes a consent screen which tells users the application requesting access to their data, what kind of data they are asking for and the terms that apply. You will need to configure your OAuth consent screen before generating a Google API client ID.
- Open the OAuth consent screen page of the Google APIs console.
- If prompted, select the project you just created.
On the "OAuth consent screen" page, fill out the form and click the “Save” button.
Application name: The name of the application asking for consent. The name should accurately reflect your application and be consistent with the application name users see elsewhere. The application name will be shown on the Account Linking consent screen.
Application logo: An image on the consent screen that will help users recognize your app. The logo is shown on Account linking consent screen and on account settings
Support email: For users to contact you with questions about their consent.
Scopes for Google APIs: Scopes allow your application to access your user's private Google data. For the Google Account Linking use case, default scope (email, profile, openid) is sufficient, you don’t need to add any sensitive scopes. It is generally a best practice to request scopes incrementally, at the time access is required, rather than up front. Learn more.
Authorized domains: To protect you and your users, Google only allows applications that authenticate using OAuth to use Authorized Domains. Your applications' links must be hosted on Authorized Domains. Learn more.
Application Homepage link: Home page for your application. Must be hosted on an Authorized Domain.
Application Privacy Policy link: Shown on Google Account Linking consent screen. Must be hosted on an Authorized Domain.
Application Terms of Service link (Optional): Must be hosted on an Authorized Domain.
Figure 1. Google Account Linking Consent Screen for a fictitious Application, Tunery
Check "Verification Status", if your application needs verification then click the "Submit For Verification" button to submit your application for verification. Refer to OAuth verification requirements for details.
實作 OAuth 伺服器
To support the OAuth 2.0 implicit flow, your service makes an authorization endpoint available by HTTPS. This endpoint is responsible for authentication and obtaining consent from users for data access. The authorization endpoint presents a sign-in UI to your users that aren't already signed in and records consent to the requested access.
When a Google application needs to call one of your service's authorized APIs, Google uses this endpoint to get permission from your users to call these APIs on their behalf.
A typical OAuth 2.0 implicit flow session initiated by Google has the following flow:
- Google opens your authorization endpoint in the user's browser. The user signs in, if not signed in already, and grants Google permission to access their data with your API, if they haven't already granted permission.
- Your service creates an access token and returns it to Google. To do so, redirect the user's browser back to Google with the access token attached to the request.
- Google calls your service's APIs and attaches the access token with each request. Your service verifies that the access token grants Google authorization to access the API and then completes the API call.
Handle authorization requests
When a Google application needs to perform account linking via an OAuth 2.0 implicit flow, Google sends the user to your authorization endpoint with a request that includes the following parameters:
Authorization endpoint parameters | |
---|---|
client_id |
The client ID you assigned to Google. |
redirect_uri |
The URL to which you send the response to this request. |
state |
A bookkeeping value that is passed back to Google unchanged in the redirect URI. |
response_type |
The type of value to return in the response. For the OAuth 2.0 implicit
flow, the response type is always token . |
user_locale |
The Google Account language setting in RFC5646 format used to localize your content in the user's preferred language. |
For example, if your authorization endpoint is available at
https://myservice.example.com/auth
, a request might look like the following:
GET https://myservice.example.com/auth?client_id=GOOGLE_CLIENT_ID&redirect_uri=REDIRECT_URI&state=STATE_STRING&response_type=token&user_locale=LOCALE
For your authorization endpoint to handle sign-in requests, do the following steps:
Verify the
client_id
andredirect_uri
values to prevent granting access to unintended or misconfigured client apps:- Confirm that the
client_id
matches the client ID you assigned to Google. - Confirm that the URL specified by the
redirect_uri
parameter has the following form:https://oauth-redirect.googleusercontent.com/r/YOUR_PROJECT_ID https://oauth-redirect-sandbox.googleusercontent.com/r/YOUR_PROJECT_ID
- Confirm that the
Check if the user is signed in to your service. If the user isn't signed in, complete your service's sign-in or sign-up flow.
Generate an access token for Google to use to access your API. The access token can be any string value, but it must uniquely represent the user and the client the token is for and must not be guessable.
Send an HTTP response that redirects the user's browser to the URL specified by the
redirect_uri
parameter. Include all of the following parameters in the URL fragment:access_token
: The access token you just generatedtoken_type
: The stringbearer
state
: The unmodified state value from the original request
The following is an example of the resulting URL:
https://oauth-redirect.googleusercontent.com/r/YOUR_PROJECT_ID#access_token=ACCESS_TOKEN&token_type=bearer&state=STATE_STRING
Google's OAuth 2.0 redirect handler receives the access token and confirms
that the state
value hasn't changed. After Google has obtained an
access token for your service, Google attaches the token to subsequent calls
to your service APIs.
處理使用者資訊要求
userinfo 端點是 OAuth 2.0 受保護的資源,可傳回已連結使用者的聲明。除了下列用途外,不一定要實作並代管 userinfo 端點:
成功從權杖端點擷取存取權杖後,Google 會向您的使用者資訊端點傳送要求,以擷取已連結使用者的基本個人資料。
userinfo 端點要求標頭 | |
---|---|
Authorization header |
Bearer 類型的存取權杖。 |
舉例來說,如果您的 userinfo 端點位於
https://myservice.example.com/userinfo
,要求可能如下所示:
GET /userinfo HTTP/1.1 Host: myservice.example.com Authorization: Bearer ACCESS_TOKEN
為了讓 userinfo 端點處理要求,請按照下列步驟操作:
- 從授權標頭擷取存取權杖,然後為與存取權杖相關聯的使用者傳回資訊。
- 如果存取權杖無效,請使用
WWW-Authenticate
回應標頭傳回 HTTP 401 Unauthorized 錯誤。以下是 userinfo 錯誤回應的範例:HTTP/1.1 401 Unauthorized WWW-Authenticate: error="invalid_token", error_description="The Access Token expired"
如果連結過程中傳回 401 未授權錯誤或其他失敗錯誤回應,將無法復原錯誤,擷取到的憑證將遭到捨棄,使用者必須再次啟動連結程序。 如果存取權杖有效,則傳回並傳回 HTTP 200 回應,且 HTTPS 內文含有下列 JSON 物件 回覆:
{ "sub": "USER_UUID", "email": "EMAIL_ADDRESS", "given_name": "FIRST_NAME", "family_name": "LAST_NAME", "name": "FULL_NAME", "picture": "PROFILE_PICTURE", }
如果您的 userinfo 端點傳回 HTTP 200 成功回應,則會根據使用者的 Google 帳戶登錄擷取的權杖和憑證附加資訊。userinfo 端點回應 sub
用來在系統中識別使用者的專屬 ID。 email
使用者的電子郵件地址。 given_name
選填:使用者的名字。 family_name
選填:使用者的姓氏。 name
選填:使用者全名。 picture
選用:使用者的個人資料相片。
驗證實作
您可以使用 OAuth 2.0 Playground 工具驗證實作結果。
請在工具中按照下列步驟操作:
- 點選「Configuration」圖示 ,開啟 OAuth 2.0 設定視窗。
- 在「OAuth 流程」欄位中,選取「用戶端」。
- 在「OAuth 端點」欄位中,選取「自訂」。
- 在對應的欄位中指定 OAuth 2.0 端點,以及您指派給 Google 的用戶端 ID。
- 在「步驟 1」部分中,請勿選取任何 Google 範圍。請改為將這個欄位留空,或輸入有效的伺服器範圍 (如果您不使用 OAuth 範圍,則輸入任意字串)。完成後,按一下「授權 API」。
- 在「步驟 2」和「步驟 3」部分,請完成 OAuth 2.0 流程,並確認每個步驟都能正常運作。
您可以使用 Google 帳戶連結示範工具驗證實作成果。
在工具中執行下列步驟:
- 按一下「使用 Google 帳戶登入」按鈕。
- 選擇要連結的帳戶。
- 輸入服務 ID。
- 您可以選擇輸入一或多個要申請存取權的範圍。
- 按一下「開始試用」。
- 系統顯示提示時,請確認您可以同意或拒絕連結要求。
- 確認系統是否會將你重新導向至平台。