Penautan yang Disederhanakan dengan OAuth dan Login dengan Google

Ringkasan

Penautan Praktis Login dengan Google berbasis OAuth menambahkan Login dengan Google di atas Penautan OAuth. Hal ini memberikan pengalaman penautan yang lancar untuk Pengguna Google, dan juga memungkinkan pembuatan akun, yang memungkinkan pengguna untuk membuat akun baru di layanan Anda menggunakan akun Google mereka.

Untuk melakukan penautan akun dengan OAuth dan Login dengan Google, ikuti langkah-langkah langkah:

1. Pertama, minta pengguna untuk memberikan izin agar dapat mengakses profil Google miliknya.
2. Menggunakan informasi di profil mereka untuk memeriksa apakah akun pengguna ada.
3. Untuk pengguna yang sudah ada, tautkan akun.
4. Jika Anda tidak dapat menemukan kecocokan untuk pengguna Google di sistem autentikasi Anda, memvalidasi token ID yang diterima dari Google. Anda kemudian dapat membuat pengguna berbasis informasi profil yang terkandung dalam token ID.

Gambar 1. Penautan Akun di ponsel pengguna dengan Penautan yang Disederhanakan

Persyaratan untuk Penautan yang Disederhanakan

• Terapkan alur penautan OAuth web dasar. Layanan Anda harus mendukung OAuth 2.0 yang mematuhi kebijakan otorisasi dan pertukaran token.
• Endpoint token exchange Anda harus mendukung pernyataan JSON Web Token (JWT) dan menerapkan intent check, create, dan get.

Catatan: Intent ini harus diterapkan dalam endpoint pertukaran token yang sama dengan yang Anda buat untuk alur penautan OAuth web dasar. Jangan membuat endpoint yang berbeda untuk menangani intent ini.

• Mendaftarkan Client ID Google API Anda.

Mengimplementasikan server OAuth

Endpoint pertukaran token Anda harus mendukung intent check, create, get. Di bawah ini menunjukkan langkah-langkah yang diselesaikan melalui alur penautan akun dan menunjukkan kapan intent yang berbeda dipanggil:

1. Apakah pengguna memiliki akun di sistem otentikasi Anda? (Pengguna memutuskan dengan memilih YA atau TIDAK)
   1. YA : Apakah pengguna menggunakan email yang terkait dengan Akun Google-nya untuk login ke platform Anda? (Pengguna memutuskan dengan memilih YA atau TIDAK)
      1. YA : Apakah pengguna memiliki akun yang cocok di sistem autentikasi Anda? (check intent dipanggil untuk mengonfirmasi)
         1. YA : get intent dipanggil dan akun ditautkan jika intent berhasil ditampilkan.
         2. TIDAK : Buat Akun Baru? (Pengguna memutuskan dengan memilih YA atau TIDAK)
            1. YA : create intent dipanggil dan akun ditautkan jika intent pembuatan berhasil ditampilkan.
            2. TIDAK : Alur Web OAuth dipicu, pengguna diarahkan ke browser, dan pengguna diberi opsi untuk menautkan dengan email yang berbeda.
      2. TIDAK : Alur OAuth Web dipicu, pengguna akan diarahkan ke browser, dan pengguna diberi opsi untuk menautkan dengan email yang berbeda.
   2. TIDAK : Apakah pengguna memiliki akun yang cocok di sistem autentikasi Anda? (check intent dipanggil untuk mengonfirmasi)
      1. YA : get intent dipanggil dan akun ditautkan jika intent berhasil ditampilkan.
      2. TIDAK : create intent dipanggil dan akun ditautkan jika intent pembuatan berhasil ditampilkan.

Check for an existing user account (check intent)

After the user gives consent to access their Google profile, Google sends a request that contains a signed assertion of the Google user's identity. The assertion contains information that includes the user's Google Account ID, name, and email address. The token exchange endpoint configured for your project handles that request.

If the corresponding Google account is already present in your authentication system, your token exchange endpoint responds with account_found=true. If the Google account doesn't match an existing user, your token exchange endpoint returns an HTTP 404 Not Found error with account_found=false.

The request has the following form:

POST /token HTTP/1.1
Host: oauth2.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded

grant_type=urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:jwt-bearer&intent=check&assertion=JWT&scope=SCOPES&client_id=GOOGLE_CLIENT_ID&client_secret=GOOGLE_CLIENT_SECRET

Your token exchange endpoint must be able to handle the following parameters:

Token endpoint parameters
intent	For these requests, the value of this parameter is check.
grant_type	The type of token being exchanged. For these requests, this parameter has the value urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:jwt-bearer.
assertion	A JSON Web Token (JWT) that provides a signed assertion of the Google user's identity. The JWT contains information that includes the user's Google Account ID, name, and email address.
client_id	The client ID you assigned to Google.
client_secret	The client secret you assigned to Google.

To respond to the check intent requests, your token exchange endpoint must perform the following steps:

• Validate and decode the JWT assertion.
• Check if the Google account is already present in your authentication system.

验证和解码 JWT 断言

您可以使用 适用于您所用语言的 JWT 解码库。使用 Google 的公钥，在 JWK 或 PEM 格式，用于验证 令牌的签名。

解码后，JWT 断言如以下示例所示：

{
  "sub": "1234567890",      // The unique ID of the user's Google Account
  "iss": "https://accounts.google.com",        // The assertion's issuer
  "aud": "123-abc.apps.googleusercontent.com", // Your server's client ID
  "iat": 233366400,         // Unix timestamp of the assertion's creation time
  "exp": 233370000,         // Unix timestamp of the assertion's expiration time
  "name": "Jan Jansen",
  "given_name": "Jan",
  "family_name": "Jansen",
  "email": "[e-mail]", // If present, the user's email address
  "email_verified": true,   // true, if Google has verified the email address
  "hd": "example.com",      // If present, the host domain of the user's GSuite email address
                            // If present, a URL to user's profile picture
  "picture": "https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/a-/AOh14GjlTnZKHAeb94A-FmEbwZv7uJD986VOF1mJGb2YYQ",
  "locale": "en_US"         // User's locale, from browser or phone settings
}

除了验证令牌的签名之外，还要验证断言的 颁发者（iss 字段）为 https://accounts.google.com， （aud 字段）是分配给您的客户端 ID，并且令牌未过期 （exp 字段）。

使用 email、email_verified 和 hd 字段，您可以确定 Google 负责托管电子邮件地址，并对其具有权威性。如果 Google 权威性 - 用户当前被认定为合法账号所有者 您可以跳过密码或其他验证方法。否则，这些方法 可用于在关联之前验证账号。

Google 具有权威性的情形：

• email 的后缀为 @gmail.com，这是一个 Gmail 账号。
• email_verified 为 true 且 hd 已设置，这是 G Suite 账号。

用户无需使用 Gmail 或 G Suite 即可注册 Google 账号。时间 email 不包含 @gmail.com 后缀，且 hd 不存在 Google 不 建议使用权威凭据和密码或其他验证方法进行验证 用户。email_verified 可能为 true，因为 Google 最初验证了 创建 Google 账号后，该用户会获得第三方的所有权， 后，电子邮件账号可能已更改。

Check if the Google account is already present in your authentication system

Check whether either of the following conditions are true:

• The Google Account ID, found in the assertion's sub field, is in your user database.
• The email address in the assertion matches a user in your user database.

If either condition is true, the user has already signed up. In that case, return a response like the following:

HTTP/1.1 200 Success
Content-Type: application/json;charset=UTF-8

{
  "account_found":"true",
}

If neither the Google Account ID nor the email address specified in the assertion matches a user in your database, the user hasn't signed up yet. In this case, your token exchange endpoint needs to reply with a HTTP 404 error that specifies "account_found": "false", as in the following example:

HTTP/1.1 404 Not found
Content-Type: application/json;charset=UTF-8

{
  "account_found":"false",
}

Handle automatic linking (get intent)

After the user gives consent to access their Google profile, Google sends a request that contains a signed assertion of the Google user's identity. The assertion contains information that includes the user's Google Account ID, name, and email address. The token exchange endpoint configured for your project handles that request.

If the corresponding Google Account is already present in your authentication system, your token exchange endpoint returns a token for the user. If the Google Account doesn't match an existing user, your token exchange endpoint returns a linking_error error and optional login_hint.

The request has the following form:

POST /token HTTP/1.1
Host: oauth2.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded

grant_type=urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:jwt-bearer&intent=get&assertion=JWT&scope=SCOPES&client_id=GOOGLE_CLIENT_ID&client_secret=GOOGLE_CLIENT_SECRET

Your token exchange endpoint must be able to handle the following parameters:

Token endpoint parameters
intent	For these requests, the value of this parameter is get.
grant_type	The type of token being exchanged. For these requests, this parameter has the value urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:jwt-bearer.
assertion	A JSON Web Token (JWT) that provides a signed assertion of the Google user's identity. The JWT contains information that includes the user's Google Account ID, name, and email address.
scope	Optional: Any scopes that you've configured Google to request from users.
client_id	The client ID you assigned to Google.
client_secret	The client secret you assigned to Google.

To respond to the get intent requests, your token exchange endpoint must perform the following steps:

• Validate and decode the JWT assertion.
• Check if the Google account is already present in your authentication system.

验证和解码 JWT 断言

您可以使用 适用于您所用语言的 JWT 解码库。使用 Google 的公钥，在 JWK 或 PEM 格式，用于验证 令牌的签名。

解码后，JWT 断言如以下示例所示：

{
  "sub": "1234567890",      // The unique ID of the user's Google Account
  "iss": "https://accounts.google.com",        // The assertion's issuer
  "aud": "123-abc.apps.googleusercontent.com", // Your server's client ID
  "iat": 233366400,         // Unix timestamp of the assertion's creation time
  "exp": 233370000,         // Unix timestamp of the assertion's expiration time
  "name": "Jan Jansen",
  "given_name": "Jan",
  "family_name": "Jansen",
  "email": "[e-mail]", // If present, the user's email address
  "email_verified": true,   // true, if Google has verified the email address
  "hd": "example.com",      // If present, the host domain of the user's GSuite email address
                            // If present, a URL to user's profile picture
  "picture": "https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/a-/AOh14GjlTnZKHAeb94A-FmEbwZv7uJD986VOF1mJGb2YYQ",
  "locale": "en_US"         // User's locale, from browser or phone settings
}

除了验证令牌的签名之外，还要验证断言的 颁发者（iss 字段）为 https://accounts.google.com， （aud 字段）是分配给您的客户端 ID，并且令牌未过期 （exp 字段）。

使用 email、email_verified 和 hd 字段，您可以确定 Google 负责托管电子邮件地址，并对其具有权威性。如果 Google 权威性 - 用户当前被认定为合法账号所有者 您可以跳过密码或其他验证方法。否则，这些方法 可用于在关联之前验证账号。

Google 具有权威性的情形：

• email 的后缀为 @gmail.com，这是一个 Gmail 账号。
• email_verified 为 true 且 hd 已设置，这是 G Suite 账号。

用户无需使用 Gmail 或 G Suite 即可注册 Google 账号。时间 email 不包含 @gmail.com 后缀，且 hd 不存在 Google 不 建议使用权威凭据和密码或其他验证方法进行验证 用户。email_verified 可能为 true，因为 Google 最初验证了 创建 Google 账号后，该用户会获得第三方的所有权， 后，电子邮件账号可能已更改。

Check if the Google account is already present in your authentication system

Check whether either of the following conditions are true:

• The Google Account ID, found in the assertion's sub field, is in your user database.
• The email address in the assertion matches a user in your user database.

If an account is found for the user, issue an access token and return the values in a JSON object in the body of your HTTPS response, like in the following example:

{
  "token_type": "Bearer",
  "access_token": "ACCESS_TOKEN",

  "refresh_token": "REFRESH_TOKEN",

  "expires_in": SECONDS_TO_EXPIRATION
}

In some cases, account linking based on ID token might fail for the user. If it does so for any reason, your token exchange endpoint needs to reply with a HTTP 401 error that specifies error=linking_error, as the following example shows:

HTTP/1.1 401 Unauthorized
Content-Type: application/json;charset=UTF-8

{
  "error":"linking_error",
  "login_hint":"[e-mail]"
}

When Google receives a 401 error response with linking_error, Google sends the user to your authorization endpoint with login_hint as a parameter. The user completes account linking using the OAuth linking flow in their browser.

Handle account creation via Google Sign-In (create intent)

When a user needs to create an account on your service, Google makes a request to your token exchange endpoint that specifies intent=create.

The request has the following form:

POST /token HTTP/1.1
Host: oauth2.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded

response_type=token&grant_type=urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:jwt-bearer&scope=SCOPES&intent=create&assertion=JWT&client_id=GOOGLE_CLIENT_ID&client_secret=GOOGLE_CLIENT_SECRET

Your token exchange endpoint must able to handle the following parameters:

Token endpoint parameters
intent	For these requests, the value of this parameter is create.
grant_type	The type of token being exchanged. For these requests, this parameter has the value urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:jwt-bearer.
assertion	A JSON Web Token (JWT) that provides a signed assertion of the Google user's identity. The JWT contains information that includes the user's Google Account ID, name, and email address.
client_id	The client ID you assigned to Google.
client_secret	The client secret you assigned to Google.

The JWT within the assertion parameter contains the user's Google Account ID, name, and email address, which you can use to create a new account on your service.

To respond to the create intent requests, your token exchange endpoint must perform the following steps:

• Validate and decode the JWT assertion.
• Validate user information and create new account.

验证和解码 JWT 断言

您可以使用 适用于您所用语言的 JWT 解码库。使用 Google 的公钥，在 JWK 或 PEM 格式，用于验证 令牌的签名。

解码后，JWT 断言如以下示例所示：

{
  "sub": "1234567890",      // The unique ID of the user's Google Account
  "iss": "https://accounts.google.com",        // The assertion's issuer
  "aud": "123-abc.apps.googleusercontent.com", // Your server's client ID
  "iat": 233366400,         // Unix timestamp of the assertion's creation time
  "exp": 233370000,         // Unix timestamp of the assertion's expiration time
  "name": "Jan Jansen",
  "given_name": "Jan",
  "family_name": "Jansen",
  "email": "[e-mail]", // If present, the user's email address
  "email_verified": true,   // true, if Google has verified the email address
  "hd": "example.com",      // If present, the host domain of the user's GSuite email address
                            // If present, a URL to user's profile picture
  "picture": "https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/a-/AOh14GjlTnZKHAeb94A-FmEbwZv7uJD986VOF1mJGb2YYQ",
  "locale": "en_US"         // User's locale, from browser or phone settings
}

除了验证令牌的签名之外，还要验证断言的 颁发者（iss 字段）为 https://accounts.google.com， （aud 字段）是分配给您的客户端 ID，并且令牌未过期 （exp 字段）。

使用 email、email_verified 和 hd 字段，您可以确定 Google 负责托管电子邮件地址，并对其具有权威性。如果 Google 权威性 - 用户当前被认定为合法账号所有者 您可以跳过密码或其他验证方法。否则，这些方法 可用于在关联之前验证账号。

Google 具有权威性的情形：

• email 的后缀为 @gmail.com，这是一个 Gmail 账号。
• email_verified 为 true 且 hd 已设置，这是 G Suite 账号。

用户无需使用 Gmail 或 G Suite 即可注册 Google 账号。时间 email 不包含 @gmail.com 后缀，且 hd 不存在 Google 不 建议使用权威凭据和密码或其他验证方法进行验证 用户。email_verified 可能为 true，因为 Google 最初验证了 创建 Google 账号后，该用户会获得第三方的所有权， 后，电子邮件账号可能已更改。

Validate user information and create new account

Check whether either of the following conditions are true:

• The Google Account ID, found in the assertion's sub field, is in your user database.
• The email address in the assertion matches a user in your user database.

If either condition is true, prompt the user to link their existing account with their Google Account. To do so, respond to the request with an HTTP 401 error that specifies error=linking_error and gives the user's email address as the login_hint. The following is a sample response:

HTTP/1.1 401 Unauthorized
Content-Type: application/json;charset=UTF-8

{
  "error":"linking_error",
  "login_hint":"[e-mail]"
}

When Google receives a 401 error response with linking_error, Google sends the user to your authorization endpoint with login_hint as a parameter. The user completes account linking using the OAuth linking flow in their browser.

If neither condition is true, create a new user account with the information provided in the JWT. New accounts don't typically have a password set. It's recommended that you add Google Sign-In to other platforms to enable users to log in with Google across the surfaces of your application. Alternatively, you can email the user a link that starts your password recovery flow to allow the user to set a password to sign in on other platforms.

When the creation is completed, issue an access token and refresh token and return the values in a JSON object in the body of your HTTPS response, like in the following example:

{
  "token_type": "Bearer",
  "access_token": "ACCESS_TOKEN",

  "refresh_token": "REFRESH_TOKEN",

  "expires_in": SECONDS_TO_EXPIRATION
}

Mendapatkan Client ID Google API

Anda akan diminta untuk memberikan Client ID Google API selama proses pendaftaran Penautan Akun.

Untuk mendapatkan Client ID API menggunakan project yang Anda buat saat menyelesaikan langkah-langkah Penautan OAuth. Caranya, selesaikan langkah-langkah berikut:

1. Buka halaman Credentials pada Konsol API Google.

2. Buat atau pilih project Google API.

   Jika proyek Anda tidak memiliki Client-ID untuk Jenis aplikasi Web, klik Buat kredensial > Client ID OAuth untuk membuatnya. Pastikan untuk menyertakan domain situs Anda di kotak Asal JavaScript yang sah. Saat Anda melakukan pengujian lokal atau pengembangan, Anda harus menambahkan http://localhost dan http://localhost:<port_number> ke kolom Asal JavaScript yang sah.

   Poin Penting: Tambahkan http://localhost dan http://localhost:<port_number> ke kolom Asal JavaScript yang sah untuk pengujian lokal atau pengembangan aplikasi.

   Catatan: Client-ID terlihat seperti contoh berikut:

   1234567890-abc123def456.apps.googleusercontent.com
   

Memvalidasi implementasi

Anda dapat memvalidasi implementasi Anda dengan menggunakan OAuth 2.0 Playground alat.

Pada alat, lakukan langkah-langkah berikut:

1. Klik Konfigurasi untuk membuka jendela Configuration OAuth 2.0.
2. Di bidang aliran OAuth, pilih Client-side.
3. Di bidang OAuth endpoint, pilih Custom.
4. Tentukan titik akhir OAuth 2.0 dan ID klien yang Anda tetapkan ke Google di bidang yang sesuai.
5. Pada bagian Langkah 1, tidak memilih lingkup Google. Sebagai gantinya, biarkan bidang ini kosong atau ketik cakupan yang valid untuk server Anda (atau string arbitrer jika Anda tidak menggunakan cakupan OAuth). Setelah selesai, klik Otorisasi API.
6. Dalam Langkah 2 dan Langkah 3 bagian, melalui aliran OAuth 2.0 dan memverifikasi bahwa setiap langkah bekerja sebagaimana dimaksud.

Anda dapat memvalidasi implementasi Anda dengan menggunakan Akun Google Menghubungkan Demo alat.

Pada alat, lakukan langkah-langkah berikut:

1. Klik Sign-in dengan tombol Google.
2. Pilih akun yang ingin Anda tautkan.
3. Masukkan ID layanan.
4. Secara opsional, masukkan satu atau beberapa cakupan yang akan Anda minta aksesnya.
5. Klik Mulai Demo.
6. Saat diminta, konfirmasikan bahwa Anda dapat menyetujui dan menolak permintaan penautan.
7. Konfirmasikan bahwa Anda dialihkan ke platform Anda.