簡化 OAuth 和 Google 登入機制的連結程序

總覽

以 OAuth 為基礎的 Google 登入簡化連結功能除了加入 Google 登入外， OAuth 連結。這樣就能順暢連結 Google 使用者並可建立帳戶，讓使用者透過自己的 Google 帳戶在您的服務中建立新帳戶。

如要使用 OAuth 和 Google 登入功能進行帳戶連結，請遵循下列一般做法 步驟：

1. 請先徵得使用者同意，允許存取自己的 Google 個人資料。
2. 使用設定檔中的資訊檢查使用者帳戶是否存在。
3. 如果是現有使用者，請連結這些帳戶。
4. 如果在驗證系統中找不到對應的 Google 使用者， 驗證從 Google 收到的 ID 權杖。接著您可以根據需求建立使用者 儲存在 ID 權杖所含設定檔資訊上

圖 1. 透過簡化連結程序在使用者手機上進行帳戶連結

精簡連結規定

• 執行基本網站 OAuth 連結流程。您的服務必須支援 OAuth 2.0 規範 授權和憑證交換端點。
• 您的權杖交換端點必須支援 JSON Web Token (JWT) 斷言，並實作 check、create 和 get 意圖。

，瞭解如何調查及移除這項存取權。

注意： 這些意圖必須導入您為基本網頁 OAuth 連結流程建立的同一個權杖交換端點。請勿建立其他端點來處理這些意圖。

• 註冊 Google API 用戶端 ID。

實作 OAuth 伺服器

您的權杖交換端點必須支援 check、create、get 意圖。下方顯示完成帳戶連結流程的步驟，並指出呼叫不同意圖的時機：

1. 使用者是否在驗證系統中擁有帳戶？(使用者選取「是」或「否」)
   1. 是：使用者是否使用與其 Google 帳戶相關聯的電子郵件地址登入平台？(使用者選取「是」或「否」)
      1. 是 ：使用者是否在驗證系統中擁有相符的帳戶？(呼叫 check intent 以確認)
         1. 是：系統會呼叫 get intent，如果成功傳回意圖，就會連結帳戶。
         2. 否 ：建立新帳戶？(使用者選取「是」或「否」)
            1. 是：系統會呼叫 create intent，如果建立意圖成功傳回，就會連結帳戶。
            2. 否 ：系統會觸發網路 OAuth 流程、將使用者導向瀏覽器，並提供使用者其他電子郵件的連結選項。
      2. 否：系統會觸發網路 OAuth 流程、將使用者導向瀏覽器，並提供其他電子郵件的連結選項。
   2. 否 ：使用者是否在驗證系統中擁有相符的帳戶？(呼叫 check intent 以確認)
      1. 是：系統會呼叫 get intent，如果成功傳回意圖，就會連結帳戶。
      2. 否：如果建立意圖成功傳回，系統會呼叫 create intent，並連結帳戶。

Check for an existing user account (check intent)

After the user gives consent to access their Google profile, Google sends a request that contains a signed assertion of the Google user's identity. The assertion contains information that includes the user's Google Account ID, name, and email address. The token exchange endpoint configured for your project handles that request.

If the corresponding Google account is already present in your authentication system, your token exchange endpoint responds with account_found=true. If the Google account doesn't match an existing user, your token exchange endpoint returns an HTTP 404 Not Found error with account_found=false.

The request has the following form:

POST /token HTTP/1.1
Host: oauth2.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded

grant_type=urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:jwt-bearer&intent=check&assertion=JWT&scope=SCOPES&client_id=GOOGLE_CLIENT_ID&client_secret=GOOGLE_CLIENT_SECRET

Your token exchange endpoint must be able to handle the following parameters:

Token endpoint parameters
intent	For these requests, the value of this parameter is check.
grant_type	The type of token being exchanged. For these requests, this parameter has the value urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:jwt-bearer.
assertion	A JSON Web Token (JWT) that provides a signed assertion of the Google user's identity. The JWT contains information that includes the user's Google Account ID, name, and email address.
client_id	The client ID you assigned to Google.
client_secret	The client secret you assigned to Google.

To respond to the check intent requests, your token exchange endpoint must perform the following steps:

• Validate and decode the JWT assertion.
• Check if the Google account is already present in your authentication system.

验证和解码 JWT 断言

您可以使用 适用于您所用语言的 JWT 解码库。使用 Google 的公钥，在 JWK 或 PEM 格式，用于验证 令牌的签名。

解码后，JWT 断言如以下示例所示：

{
  "sub": "1234567890",      // The unique ID of the user's Google Account
  "iss": "https://accounts.google.com",        // The assertion's issuer
  "aud": "123-abc.apps.googleusercontent.com", // Your server's client ID
  "iat": 233366400,         // Unix timestamp of the assertion's creation time
  "exp": 233370000,         // Unix timestamp of the assertion's expiration time
  "name": "Jan Jansen",
  "given_name": "Jan",
  "family_name": "Jansen",
  "email": "[e-mail]", // If present, the user's email address
  "email_verified": true,   // true, if Google has verified the email address
  "hd": "example.com",      // If present, the host domain of the user's GSuite email address
                            // If present, a URL to user's profile picture
  "picture": "https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/a-/AOh14GjlTnZKHAeb94A-FmEbwZv7uJD986VOF1mJGb2YYQ",
  "locale": "en_US"         // User's locale, from browser or phone settings
}

除了验证令牌的签名之外，还要验证断言的 颁发者（iss 字段）为 https://accounts.google.com， （aud 字段）是分配给您的客户端 ID，并且令牌未过期 （exp 字段）。

使用 email、email_verified 和 hd 字段，您可以确定 Google 负责托管电子邮件地址，并对其具有权威性。如果 Google 权威性 - 用户当前被认定为合法账号所有者 您可以跳过密码或其他验证方法。否则，这些方法 可用于在关联之前验证账号。

Google 具有权威性的情形：

• email 的后缀为 @gmail.com，这是一个 Gmail 账号。
• email_verified 为 true 且 hd 已设置，这是 G Suite 账号。

用户无需使用 Gmail 或 G Suite 即可注册 Google 账号。时间 email 不包含 @gmail.com 后缀，且 hd 不存在 Google 不 建议使用权威凭据和密码或其他验证方法进行验证 用户。email_verified 可能为 true，因为 Google 最初验证了 创建 Google 账号后，该用户会获得第三方的所有权， 后，电子邮件账号可能已更改。

Check if the Google account is already present in your authentication system

Check whether either of the following conditions are true:

• The Google Account ID, found in the assertion's sub field, is in your user database.
• The email address in the assertion matches a user in your user database.

If either condition is true, the user has already signed up. In that case, return a response like the following:

HTTP/1.1 200 Success
Content-Type: application/json;charset=UTF-8

{
  "account_found":"true",
}

If neither the Google Account ID nor the email address specified in the assertion matches a user in your database, the user hasn't signed up yet. In this case, your token exchange endpoint needs to reply with a HTTP 404 error that specifies "account_found": "false", as in the following example:

HTTP/1.1 404 Not found
Content-Type: application/json;charset=UTF-8

{
  "account_found":"false",
}

Handle automatic linking (get intent)

After the user gives consent to access their Google profile, Google sends a request that contains a signed assertion of the Google user's identity. The assertion contains information that includes the user's Google Account ID, name, and email address. The token exchange endpoint configured for your project handles that request.

If the corresponding Google Account is already present in your authentication system, your token exchange endpoint returns a token for the user. If the Google Account doesn't match an existing user, your token exchange endpoint returns a linking_error error and optional login_hint.

The request has the following form:

POST /token HTTP/1.1
Host: oauth2.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded

grant_type=urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:jwt-bearer&intent=get&assertion=JWT&scope=SCOPES&client_id=GOOGLE_CLIENT_ID&client_secret=GOOGLE_CLIENT_SECRET

Your token exchange endpoint must be able to handle the following parameters:

Token endpoint parameters
intent	For these requests, the value of this parameter is get.
grant_type	The type of token being exchanged. For these requests, this parameter has the value urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:jwt-bearer.
assertion	A JSON Web Token (JWT) that provides a signed assertion of the Google user's identity. The JWT contains information that includes the user's Google Account ID, name, and email address.
scope	Optional: Any scopes that you've configured Google to request from users.
client_id	The client ID you assigned to Google.
client_secret	The client secret you assigned to Google.

To respond to the get intent requests, your token exchange endpoint must perform the following steps:

• Validate and decode the JWT assertion.
• Check if the Google account is already present in your authentication system.

验证和解码 JWT 断言

您可以使用 适用于您所用语言的 JWT 解码库。使用 Google 的公钥，在 JWK 或 PEM 格式，用于验证 令牌的签名。

解码后，JWT 断言如以下示例所示：

{
  "sub": "1234567890",      // The unique ID of the user's Google Account
  "iss": "https://accounts.google.com",        // The assertion's issuer
  "aud": "123-abc.apps.googleusercontent.com", // Your server's client ID
  "iat": 233366400,         // Unix timestamp of the assertion's creation time
  "exp": 233370000,         // Unix timestamp of the assertion's expiration time
  "name": "Jan Jansen",
  "given_name": "Jan",
  "family_name": "Jansen",
  "email": "[e-mail]", // If present, the user's email address
  "email_verified": true,   // true, if Google has verified the email address
  "hd": "example.com",      // If present, the host domain of the user's GSuite email address
                            // If present, a URL to user's profile picture
  "picture": "https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/a-/AOh14GjlTnZKHAeb94A-FmEbwZv7uJD986VOF1mJGb2YYQ",
  "locale": "en_US"         // User's locale, from browser or phone settings
}

除了验证令牌的签名之外，还要验证断言的 颁发者（iss 字段）为 https://accounts.google.com， （aud 字段）是分配给您的客户端 ID，并且令牌未过期 （exp 字段）。

使用 email、email_verified 和 hd 字段，您可以确定 Google 负责托管电子邮件地址，并对其具有权威性。如果 Google 权威性 - 用户当前被认定为合法账号所有者 您可以跳过密码或其他验证方法。否则，这些方法 可用于在关联之前验证账号。

Google 具有权威性的情形：

• email 的后缀为 @gmail.com，这是一个 Gmail 账号。
• email_verified 为 true 且 hd 已设置，这是 G Suite 账号。

用户无需使用 Gmail 或 G Suite 即可注册 Google 账号。时间 email 不包含 @gmail.com 后缀，且 hd 不存在 Google 不 建议使用权威凭据和密码或其他验证方法进行验证 用户。email_verified 可能为 true，因为 Google 最初验证了 创建 Google 账号后，该用户会获得第三方的所有权， 后，电子邮件账号可能已更改。

Check if the Google account is already present in your authentication system

Check whether either of the following conditions are true:

• The Google Account ID, found in the assertion's sub field, is in your user database.
• The email address in the assertion matches a user in your user database.

If an account is found for the user, issue an access token and return the values in a JSON object in the body of your HTTPS response, like in the following example:

{
  "token_type": "Bearer",
  "access_token": "ACCESS_TOKEN",

  "expires_in": SECONDS_TO_EXPIRATION
}

In some cases, account linking based on ID token might fail for the user. If it does so for any reason, your token exchange endpoint needs to reply with a HTTP 401 error that specifies error=linking_error, as the following example shows:

HTTP/1.1 401 Unauthorized
Content-Type: application/json;charset=UTF-8

{
  "error":"linking_error",
  "login_hint":"[e-mail]"
}

When Google receives a 401 error response with linking_error, Google sends the user to your authorization endpoint with login_hint as a parameter. The user completes account linking using the OAuth linking flow in their browser.

Handle account creation via Google Sign-In (create intent)

When a user needs to create an account on your service, Google makes a request to your token exchange endpoint that specifies intent=create.

The request has the following form:

POST /token HTTP/1.1
Host: oauth2.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded

response_type=token&grant_type=urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:jwt-bearer&scope=SCOPES&intent=create&assertion=JWT&client_id=GOOGLE_CLIENT_ID&client_secret=GOOGLE_CLIENT_SECRET

Your token exchange endpoint must able to handle the following parameters:

Token endpoint parameters
intent	For these requests, the value of this parameter is create.
grant_type	The type of token being exchanged. For these requests, this parameter has the value urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:jwt-bearer.
assertion	A JSON Web Token (JWT) that provides a signed assertion of the Google user's identity. The JWT contains information that includes the user's Google Account ID, name, and email address.
client_id	The client ID you assigned to Google.
client_secret	The client secret you assigned to Google.

The JWT within the assertion parameter contains the user's Google Account ID, name, and email address, which you can use to create a new account on your service.

To respond to the create intent requests, your token exchange endpoint must perform the following steps:

• Validate and decode the JWT assertion.
• Validate user information and create new account.

验证和解码 JWT 断言

您可以使用 适用于您所用语言的 JWT 解码库。使用 Google 的公钥，在 JWK 或 PEM 格式，用于验证 令牌的签名。

解码后，JWT 断言如以下示例所示：

{
  "sub": "1234567890",      // The unique ID of the user's Google Account
  "iss": "https://accounts.google.com",        // The assertion's issuer
  "aud": "123-abc.apps.googleusercontent.com", // Your server's client ID
  "iat": 233366400,         // Unix timestamp of the assertion's creation time
  "exp": 233370000,         // Unix timestamp of the assertion's expiration time
  "name": "Jan Jansen",
  "given_name": "Jan",
  "family_name": "Jansen",
  "email": "[e-mail]", // If present, the user's email address
  "email_verified": true,   // true, if Google has verified the email address
  "hd": "example.com",      // If present, the host domain of the user's GSuite email address
                            // If present, a URL to user's profile picture
  "picture": "https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/a-/AOh14GjlTnZKHAeb94A-FmEbwZv7uJD986VOF1mJGb2YYQ",
  "locale": "en_US"         // User's locale, from browser or phone settings
}

除了验证令牌的签名之外，还要验证断言的 颁发者（iss 字段）为 https://accounts.google.com， （aud 字段）是分配给您的客户端 ID，并且令牌未过期 （exp 字段）。

使用 email、email_verified 和 hd 字段，您可以确定 Google 负责托管电子邮件地址，并对其具有权威性。如果 Google 权威性 - 用户当前被认定为合法账号所有者 您可以跳过密码或其他验证方法。否则，这些方法 可用于在关联之前验证账号。

Google 具有权威性的情形：

• email 的后缀为 @gmail.com，这是一个 Gmail 账号。
• email_verified 为 true 且 hd 已设置，这是 G Suite 账号。

用户无需使用 Gmail 或 G Suite 即可注册 Google 账号。时间 email 不包含 @gmail.com 后缀，且 hd 不存在 Google 不 建议使用权威凭据和密码或其他验证方法进行验证 用户。email_verified 可能为 true，因为 Google 最初验证了 创建 Google 账号后，该用户会获得第三方的所有权， 后，电子邮件账号可能已更改。

Validate user information and create new account

Check whether either of the following conditions are true:

• The Google Account ID, found in the assertion's sub field, is in your user database.
• The email address in the assertion matches a user in your user database.

If either condition is true, prompt the user to link their existing account with their Google Account. To do so, respond to the request with an HTTP 401 error that specifies error=linking_error and gives the user's email address as the login_hint. The following is a sample response:

HTTP/1.1 401 Unauthorized
Content-Type: application/json;charset=UTF-8

{
  "error":"linking_error",
  "login_hint":"[e-mail]"
}

When Google receives a 401 error response with linking_error, Google sends the user to your authorization endpoint with login_hint as a parameter. The user completes account linking using the OAuth linking flow in their browser.

If neither condition is true, create a new user account with the information provided in the JWT. New accounts don't typically have a password set. It's recommended that you add Google Sign-In to other platforms to enable users to log in with Google across the surfaces of your application. Alternatively, you can email the user a link that starts your password recovery flow to allow the user to set a password to sign in on other platforms.

When the creation is completed, issue an access token and return the values in a JSON object in the body of your HTTPS response, like in the following example:

{
  "token_type": "Bearer",
  "access_token": "ACCESS_TOKEN",

  "expires_in": SECONDS_TO_EXPIRATION
}

取得 Google API 用戶端 ID

在帳戶連結註冊程序期間，系統會要求您提供 Google API 用戶端 ID。

如要使用您在完成 OAuth 連結步驟時建立的專案取得 API 用戶端 ID，若要這樣做，請完成下列步驟：

1. 開啟 Cloud Shell 的「Credentials」(憑證) 頁面， Google API 控制台。

2. 建立或選取 Google API 專案。

   如果專案沒有網頁應用程式類型的用戶端 ID，請按一下 建立憑證 >OAuth 用戶端 ID要建立。請務必附上 在「已授權的 JavaScript 來源」方塊中找出您網站的網域。當你在 本機測試或開發，您必須同時新增 http://localhost 和 將 http://localhost:<port_number> 設為「已授權的 JavaScript 來源」欄位。

   重點： 請同時新增 http://localhost 和 http://localhost:<port_number> 本機測試的「授權 JavaScript 來源」欄位； 。

   注意：用戶端 ID 如下所示：

   1234567890-abc123def456.apps.googleusercontent.com
   

驗證實作

You can validate your implementation by using the OAuth 2.0 Playground tool.

In the tool, do the following steps:

1. Click Configuration to open the OAuth 2.0 Configuration window.
2. In the OAuth flow field, select Client-side.
3. In the OAuth Endpoints field, select Custom.
4. Specify your OAuth 2.0 endpoint and the client ID you assigned to Google in the corresponding fields.
5. In the Step 1 section, don't select any Google scopes. Instead, leave this field blank or type a scope valid for your server (or an arbitrary string if you don't use OAuth scopes). When you're done, click Authorize APIs.
6. In the Step 2 and Step 3 sections, go through the OAuth 2.0 flow and verify that each step works as intended.

You can validate your implementation by using the Google Account Linking Demo tool.

In the tool, do the following steps:

1. Click the Sign-in with Google button.
2. Choose the account you'd like to link.
3. Enter the service ID.
4. Optionally enter one or more scopes that you will request access for.
5. Click Start Demo.
6. When prompted, confirm that you may consent and deny the linking request.
7. Confirm that you are redirected to your platform.