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簡化 OAuth 和 Google 登入機制的連結程序

總覽

以 OAuth 為基礎的 Google 登入簡化連結功能除了加入 Google 登入外， OAuth 連結。這樣就能順暢連結 Google 使用者並可建立帳戶，讓使用者透過自己的 Google 帳戶在您的服務中建立新帳戶。

如要使用 OAuth 和 Google 登入功能進行帳戶連結，請遵循下列一般做法步驟：

請先徵得使用者同意，允許存取自己的 Google 個人資料。
使用設定檔中的資訊檢查使用者帳戶是否存在。
如果是現有使用者，請連結這些帳戶。
如果在驗證系統中找不到對應的 Google 使用者，驗證從 Google 收到的 ID 權杖。接著您可以根據需求建立使用者儲存在 ID 權杖所含設定檔資訊上

這張圖顯示使用者透過簡化的連結流程來連結 Google 帳戶的步驟。第一張螢幕截圖顯示使用者該如何選取要連結的應用程式。第二個螢幕截圖可讓使用者確認他們是否已使用你的服務帳戶。第三張螢幕截圖可讓使用者選取要連結的 Google 帳戶。第四個螢幕截圖顯示將 Google 帳戶與您的應用程式連結的確認畫面。第五張螢幕截圖顯示 Google 應用程式中成功連結的使用者帳戶。

圖 1. 透過簡化連結程序在使用者手機上進行帳戶連結

精簡連結規定

執行基本網站 OAuth 連結流程。您的服務必須支援 OAuth 2.0 規範授權和憑證交換端點。
您的權杖交換端點必須支援 JSON Web Token (JWT) 斷言，並實作 check、create 和 get 意圖。

，瞭解如何調查及移除這項存取權。

註冊 Google API 用戶端 ID。

實作 OAuth 伺服器

您的權杖交換端點必須支援 check、create、get 意圖。下方顯示完成帳戶連結流程的步驟，並指出呼叫不同意圖的時機：

使用者是否在驗證系統中擁有帳戶？(使用者選取「是」或「否」)
1. 是：使用者是否使用與其 Google 帳戶相關聯的電子郵件地址登入平台？(使用者選取「是」或「否」)
  1. 是：使用者是否在驗證系統中擁有相符的帳戶？(呼叫 check intent 以確認)
    1. 是：系統會呼叫 get intent，如果成功傳回意圖，就會連結帳戶。
    2. 否：建立新帳戶？(使用者選取「是」或「否」)
      1. 是：系統會呼叫 create intent，如果建立意圖成功傳回，就會連結帳戶。
      2. 否：系統會觸發網路 OAuth 流程、將使用者導向瀏覽器，並提供使用者其他電子郵件的連結選項。
  2. 否：系統會觸發網路 OAuth 流程、將使用者導向瀏覽器，並提供其他電子郵件的連結選項。
2. 否：使用者是否在驗證系統中擁有相符的帳戶？(呼叫 check intent 以確認)
  1. 是：系統會呼叫 get intent，如果成功傳回意圖，就會連結帳戶。
  2. 否：如果建立意圖成功傳回，系統會呼叫 create intent，並連結帳戶。

检查现有用户账号（检查 intent）

在用户同意访问其 Google 个人资料后，Google 会发送请求，其中包含 Google 用户身份的已签名断言。通过断言包含的信息包括用户的 Google 账号 ID、姓名和电子邮件地址为您的 Google Cloud 控制台配置的令牌交换端点项目处理该请求。

如果您的身份验证中已有相应的 Google 账号系统时，您的令牌交换端点会返回 account_found=true。如果 Google 账号与现有用户不匹配，您的令牌交换端点返回“HTTP 404 Not Found”错误以及 account_found=false。

请求的格式如下：

POST /token HTTP/1.1
Host: oauth2.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded

grant_type=urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:jwt-bearer&intent=check&assertion=JWT&scope=SCOPES&client_id=GOOGLE_CLIENT_ID&client_secret=GOOGLE_CLIENT_SECRET

您的令牌交换端点必须能够处理以下参数：

令牌端点参数
`intent`	对于这些请求，此参数的值为 `check`。
`grant_type`	所交换的令牌的类型。对于这类请求参数的值为 `urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:jwt-bearer`。
`assertion`	一个 JSON Web 令牌 (JWT)，提供 Google 用户身份。JWT 包含的信息包括用户 Google 账号 ID、姓名和电子邮件地址。
`client_id`	您分配给 Google 的客户 ID。
`client_secret`	您分配给 Google 的客户端密钥。

如需响应 check intent 请求，您的令牌交换端点必须执行以下步骤：

验证和解码 JWT 断言。
检查您的身份验证系统中是否已存在该 Google 账号。

Validate and decode the JWT assertion

You can validate and decode the JWT assertion by using a JWT-decoding library for your language. Use Google's public keys, available in JWK or PEM formats, to verify the token's signature.

When decoded, the JWT assertion looks like the following example:

{
  "sub": "1234567890",      // The unique ID of the user's Google Account
  "iss": "https://accounts.google.com",        // The assertion's issuer
  "aud": "123-abc.apps.googleusercontent.com", // Your server's client ID
  "iat": 233366400,         // Unix timestamp of the assertion's creation time
  "exp": 233370000,         // Unix timestamp of the assertion's expiration time
  "name": "Jan Jansen",
  "given_name": "Jan",
  "family_name": "Jansen",
  "email": "jan@gmail.com", // If present, the user's email address
  "email_verified": true,   // true, if Google has verified the email address
  "hd": "example.com",      // If present, the host domain of the user's GSuite email address
                            // If present, a URL to user's profile picture
  "picture": "https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/a-/AOh14GjlTnZKHAeb94A-FmEbwZv7uJD986VOF1mJGb2YYQ",
  "locale": "en_US"         // User's locale, from browser or phone settings
}

In addition to verifying the token's signature, verify that the assertion's issuer (iss field) is https://accounts.google.com, that the audience (aud field) is your assigned client ID, and that the token has not expired (exp field).

Using the email, email_verified and hd fields you can determine if Google hosts and is authoritative for an email address. In cases where Google is authoritative the user is currently known to be the legitimate account owner and you may skip password or other challenges methods. Otherwise, these methods can be used to verify the account prior to linking.

Cases where Google is authoritative:

email has a @gmail.com suffix, this is a Gmail account.
email_verified is true and hd is set, this is a G Suite account.

Users may register for Google Accounts without using Gmail or G Suite. When email does not contain a @gmail.com suffix and hd is absent Google is not authoritative and password or other challenge methods are recommended to verify the user. email_verified can also be true as Google initially verified the user when the Google account was created, however ownership of the third party email account may have since changed.

检查您的身份验证系统中是否已存在该 Google 账号

请检查以下任一条件是否成立：

Google 账号 ID（可在断言的 sub 字段中找到）位于您的用户中数据库。
断言中的电子邮件地址与用户数据库中的用户匹配。

如果满足上述任一条件，则表明用户已注册。在这种情况下返回如下所示的响应：

HTTP/1.1 200 Success
Content-Type: application/json;charset=UTF-8

{
  "account_found":"true",
}

如果 Google 账号 ID 和断言与您的数据库中的用户匹配，该用户尚未注册。在在这种情况下，您的令牌交换端点需要返回 HTTP 404 错误指定 "account_found": "false"，如以下示例所示：

HTTP/1.1 404 Not found
Content-Type: application/json;charset=UTF-8

{
  "account_found":"false",
}

Handle automatic linking (get intent)

After the user gives consent to access their Google profile, Google sends a request that contains a signed assertion of the Google user's identity. The assertion contains information that includes the user's Google Account ID, name, and email address. The token exchange endpoint configured for your project handles that request.

If the corresponding Google Account is already present in your authentication system, your token exchange endpoint returns a token for the user. If the Google Account doesn't match an existing user, your token exchange endpoint returns a linking_error error and optional login_hint.

The request has the following form:

POST /token HTTP/1.1
Host: oauth2.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded

grant_type=urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:jwt-bearer&intent=get&assertion=JWT&scope=SCOPES&client_id=GOOGLE_CLIENT_ID&client_secret=GOOGLE_CLIENT_SECRET

Your token exchange endpoint must be able to handle the following parameters:

Token endpoint parameters
`intent`	For these requests, the value of this parameter is `get`.
`grant_type`	The type of token being exchanged. For these requests, this parameter has the value `urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:jwt-bearer`.
`assertion`	A JSON Web Token (JWT) that provides a signed assertion of the Google user's identity. The JWT contains information that includes the user's Google Account ID, name, and email address.
`scope`	Optional: Any scopes that you've configured Google to request from users.
`client_id`	The client ID you assigned to Google.
`client_secret`	The client secret you assigned to Google.

To respond to the get intent requests, your token exchange endpoint must perform the following steps:

Validate and decode the JWT assertion.
Check if the Google account is already present in your authentication system.

Validate and decode the JWT assertion

You can validate and decode the JWT assertion by using a JWT-decoding library for your language. Use Google's public keys, available in JWK or PEM formats, to verify the token's signature.

When decoded, the JWT assertion looks like the following example:

{
  "sub": "1234567890",      // The unique ID of the user's Google Account
  "iss": "https://accounts.google.com",        // The assertion's issuer
  "aud": "123-abc.apps.googleusercontent.com", // Your server's client ID
  "iat": 233366400,         // Unix timestamp of the assertion's creation time
  "exp": 233370000,         // Unix timestamp of the assertion's expiration time
  "name": "Jan Jansen",
  "given_name": "Jan",
  "family_name": "Jansen",
  "email": "jan@gmail.com", // If present, the user's email address
  "email_verified": true,   // true, if Google has verified the email address
  "hd": "example.com",      // If present, the host domain of the user's GSuite email address
                            // If present, a URL to user's profile picture
  "picture": "https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/a-/AOh14GjlTnZKHAeb94A-FmEbwZv7uJD986VOF1mJGb2YYQ",
  "locale": "en_US"         // User's locale, from browser or phone settings
}

Cases where Google is authoritative:

email has a @gmail.com suffix, this is a Gmail account.
email_verified is true and hd is set, this is a G Suite account.

Check if the Google account is already present in your authentication system

Check whether either of the following conditions are true:

The Google Account ID, found in the assertion's sub field, is in your user database.
The email address in the assertion matches a user in your user database.

If an account is found for the user, issue an access token and return the values in a JSON object in the body of your HTTPS response, like in the following example:

{
  "token_type": "Bearer",
  "access_token": "ACCESS_TOKEN",

  "expires_in": SECONDS_TO_EXPIRATION
}

In some cases, account linking based on ID token might fail for the user. If it does so for any reason, your token exchange endpoint needs to reply with a HTTP 401 error that specifies error=linking_error, as the following example shows:

HTTP/1.1 401 Unauthorized
Content-Type: application/json;charset=UTF-8

{
  "error":"linking_error",
  "login_hint":"foo@bar.com"
}

When Google receives a 401 error response with linking_error, Google sends the user to your authorization endpoint with login_hint as a parameter. The user completes account linking using the OAuth linking flow in their browser.

Handle account creation via Google Sign-In (create intent)

When a user needs to create an account on your service, Google makes a request to your token exchange endpoint that specifies intent=create.

The request has the following form:

POST /token HTTP/1.1
Host: oauth2.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded

response_type=token&grant_type=urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:jwt-bearer&scope=SCOPES&intent=create&assertion=JWT&client_id=GOOGLE_CLIENT_ID&client_secret=GOOGLE_CLIENT_SECRET

Your token exchange endpoint must able to handle the following parameters:

Token endpoint parameters
`intent`	For these requests, the value of this parameter is `create`.
`grant_type`	The type of token being exchanged. For these requests, this parameter has the value `urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:jwt-bearer`.
`assertion`	A JSON Web Token (JWT) that provides a signed assertion of the Google user's identity. The JWT contains information that includes the user's Google Account ID, name, and email address.
`client_id`	The client ID you assigned to Google.
`client_secret`	The client secret you assigned to Google.

The JWT within the assertion parameter contains the user's Google Account ID, name, and email address, which you can use to create a new account on your service.

To respond to the create intent requests, your token exchange endpoint must perform the following steps:

Validate and decode the JWT assertion.
Validate user information and create new account.

Validate and decode the JWT assertion

You can validate and decode the JWT assertion by using a JWT-decoding library for your language. Use Google's public keys, available in JWK or PEM formats, to verify the token's signature.

When decoded, the JWT assertion looks like the following example:

{
  "sub": "1234567890",      // The unique ID of the user's Google Account
  "iss": "https://accounts.google.com",        // The assertion's issuer
  "aud": "123-abc.apps.googleusercontent.com", // Your server's client ID
  "iat": 233366400,         // Unix timestamp of the assertion's creation time
  "exp": 233370000,         // Unix timestamp of the assertion's expiration time
  "name": "Jan Jansen",
  "given_name": "Jan",
  "family_name": "Jansen",
  "email": "jan@gmail.com", // If present, the user's email address
  "email_verified": true,   // true, if Google has verified the email address
  "hd": "example.com",      // If present, the host domain of the user's GSuite email address
                            // If present, a URL to user's profile picture
  "picture": "https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/a-/AOh14GjlTnZKHAeb94A-FmEbwZv7uJD986VOF1mJGb2YYQ",
  "locale": "en_US"         // User's locale, from browser or phone settings
}

Cases where Google is authoritative:

email has a @gmail.com suffix, this is a Gmail account.
email_verified is true and hd is set, this is a G Suite account.

Validate user information and create new account

Check whether either of the following conditions are true:

The Google Account ID, found in the assertion's sub field, is in your user database.
The email address in the assertion matches a user in your user database.

If either condition is true, prompt the user to link their existing account with their Google Account. To do so, respond to the request with an HTTP 401 error that specifies error=linking_error and gives the user's email address as the login_hint. The following is a sample response:

HTTP/1.1 401 Unauthorized
Content-Type: application/json;charset=UTF-8

{
  "error":"linking_error",
  "login_hint":"foo@bar.com"
}

If neither condition is true, create a new user account with the information provided in the JWT. New accounts don't typically have a password set. It's recommended that you add Google Sign-In to other platforms to enable users to log in with Google across the surfaces of your application. Alternatively, you can email the user a link that starts your password recovery flow to allow the user to set a password to sign in on other platforms.

When the creation is completed, issue an access token and return the values in a JSON object in the body of your HTTPS response, like in the following example:

{
  "token_type": "Bearer",
  "access_token": "ACCESS_TOKEN",

  "expires_in": SECONDS_TO_EXPIRATION
}

取得 Google API 用戶端 ID

在帳戶連結註冊程序期間，系統會要求您提供 Google API 用戶端 ID。

如要使用您在完成 OAuth 連結步驟時建立的專案取得 API 用戶端 ID，若要這樣做，請完成下列步驟：

開啟 Cloud Shell 的「Credentials」(憑證) 頁面， Google API 控制台。
建立或選取 Google API 專案。

如果專案沒有網頁應用程式類型的用戶端 ID，請按一下 建立憑證 >OAuth 用戶端 ID要建立。請務必附上在「已授權的 JavaScript 來源」方塊中找出您網站的網域。當你在本機測試或開發，您必須同時新增 http://localhost 和將 http://localhost:<port_number> 設為「已授權的 JavaScript 來源」欄位。

重點： 請同時新增 http://localhost 和 http://localhost:<port_number> 本機測試的「授權 JavaScript 來源」欄位；。
注意：用戶端 ID 如下所示：
```
1234567890-abc123def456.apps.googleusercontent.com
```

驗證實作

您可以使用 OAuth 2.0 Playground 工具验证您的实现。

在该工具中，执行以下步骤：

点击配置以打开 OAuth 2.0 配置窗口。
在 OAuth flow 字段中，选择 Client-side（客户端）。
在 OAuth 端点字段中，选择自定义。
在相应字段中指定您的 OAuth 2.0 端点和您分配给 Google 的客户端 ID。
在第 1 步部分，不要选择任何 Google 范围。请将此字段留空或输入对服务器有效的范围（如果您不使用 OAuth 范围，则可以输入任意字符串）。完成后，点击授权 API。
在 Step 2 和 Step 3 部分中，完成 OAuth 2.0 流程，并验证每个步骤是否按预期运行。

您可以使用 Google 账号关联演示版工具验证您的实现。

在该工具中，执行以下步骤：

点击使用 Google 账号登录按钮。
选择您要关联的账号。
输入服务 ID。
（可选）输入您要请求访问权限的一个或多个范围。
点击开始演示。
当系统提示时，请确认您同意或拒绝关联请求。
确认您已被重定向到您的平台。