The Google Nest Cam with floodlight is supported in the Smart Device Management (SDM) API. This device returns a device type of CAMERA:
sdm.devices.types.CAMERA
Traits
Reference
The following traits, commands, or events are related to this device:
Trait | Description | Commands | Events |
---|---|---|---|
CameraLiveStream | This trait belongs to any device that supports live streaming. | GenerateWebRtcStream ExtendWebRtcStream StopWebRtcStream | |
CameraMotion | This trait belongs to any device that supports motion detection events. | Motion | |
CameraPerson | This trait belongs to any device that supports person detection events. | Person | |
Info | This trait belongs to any device for device-related information. |
JSON
The absence of a trait in a GET response indicates that the trait or feature is not currently available for the device. See Device types for more information.
{ "type" : "sdm.devices.types.CAMERA", "traits" : { "sdm.devices.traits.CameraLiveStream" : { "maxVideoResolution" : { "width" : 640, "height" : 480 }, "videoCodecs" : ["H264"], "audioCodecs" : ["AAC"], "supportedProtocols" : ["WEB_RTC"] }, "sdm.devices.traits.CameraMotion" : {}, "sdm.devices.traits.CameraPerson" : {}, "sdm.devices.traits.Info" : { "customName" : "My device" } } }
Handle camera events
The following events may be triggered from a CAMERA device type or a DOORBELL or DISPLAY that features a camera, such as the Google Nest Doorbell (legacy) or Google Nest Hub Max :Type | Element | Description |
---|---|---|
Event | Motion event of the CameraMotion trait | Motion has been detected by the camera. |
Event | Person event of the CameraPerson trait | A person has been detected by the camera. |
Payload
{ "eventId" : "9ad1605d-ca7e-4e50-b3b2-a5222c997dc2",
"timestamp" : "2019-01-01T00:00:01Z",
"resourceUpdate" : { "name" : "enterprises/project-id/devices/device-id", "events" : { "sdm.devices.events.CameraMotion.Motion
" : { "eventSessionId" : "CjY5Y3VKaTZwR3o4Y19YbTVfMF...", "eventId" : "UB0NTQqHH9Ua6war6BGPkoD8_j...", } } } "userId" : "AVPHwEuBfnPOnTqzVFT4IONX2Qqhu9EJ4ubO-bNnQ-yi",
"resourceGroup" : [ "enterprises/project-id/devices/device-id" ] }
Access a live stream
The live stream from a camera can be accessed. The following stream formats are supported for this device:
- WebRTC
For a full list of cameras and supported stream formats, see Supported Devices.
To access a live stream, use the appropriate GenerateFormatStream command of the CameraLiveStream trait.
WebRTC
For a WebRTC stream, send an offerSdp
in the
GenerateWebRtcStream command of the CameraLiveStream trait
to get an answerSdp
:
Request
POST /enterprises/project-id/devices/device-id:executeCommand
{
"command" : "sdm.devices.commands.CameraLiveStream.GenerateWebRtcStream
",
"params" : {
"offerSdp" : "offerSdp"
}
}
Response
{ "results" : { "answerSdp" : "answerSdp", "expiresAt" : "2020-01-04T18:30:00.000Z", "mediaSessionId" : "yq2yPBipndE9EAfOPSzCn5vNz0..." } }
We recommend using the Web Application Sample to learn how to generate a successful live stream. This sample
generates a valid offerSdp
that meets all the SDP offer restrictions for Nest cameras.
An SDP offer for Nest cameras must meet the following restrictions:
- Only the Unified format is supported. Plan B is not supported.
- All media lines (
m=
) must be present in the offer and must be in this order:- audio
- video
- application
- Trickle ICE is supported, but not required.
- Only the Opus codec is supported for audio.
- The audio setting must be set to
a=recvonly
(receive only). - The offer must end with a newline character of either
\r\n
or\n
.
The answerSdp
must be used to generate the live stream within 30 seconds of receiving the response, otherwise it expires. If it expires, execute the GenerateWebRtcStream command again to receive a new answerSdp
.
When opening WebRTC channels for the live stream, make sure to create a data channel as well as a video channel.
See an example of a valid offer
Unformatted:
v=0\r\no=- 2214114893783582286 2 IN IP4 127.0.0.1\r\ns=-\r\nt=0 0\r\na=group:BUNDLE 0 1 2\r\na=extmap-allow-mixed\r\na=msid-semantic: WMS\r\nm=audio 9 UDP/TLS/RTP/SAVPF 111 63 103 104 9 0 8 106 105 13 110 112 113 126\r\nc=IN IP4 0.0.0.0\r\na=rtcp:9 IN IP4 0.0.0.0\r\na=ice-ufrag:6ReD\r\na=ice-pwd:QBmcZYd/t+InpMVkxQEEXnE4\r\na=ice-options:trickle\r\na=fingerprint:sha-256 DD:7E:6F:CD:B8:13:4E:37:D2:92:6D:8E:30:FB:FE:13:29:C9:F8:FD:78:0B:C4:59:42:61:BC:CF:02:91:6B:3C\r\na=setup:actpass\r\na=mid:0\r\na=extmap:1 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:ssrc-audio-level\r\na=extmap:2 http://www.webrtc.org/experiments/rtp-hdrext/abs-send-time\r\na=extmap:3 http://www.ietf.org/id/draft-holmer-rmcat-transport-wide-cc-extensions-01\r\na=extmap:4 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:sdes:mid\r\na=recvonly\r\na=rtcp-mux\r\na=rtpmap:111 opus/48000/2\r\na=rtcp-fb:111 transport-cc\r\na=fmtp:111 minptime=10;useinbandfec=1\r\na=rtpmap:63 red/48000/2\r\na=fmtp:63 111/111\r\na=rtpmap:103 ISAC/16000\r\na=rtpmap:104 ISAC/32000\r\na=rtpmap:9 G722/8000\r\na=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000\r\na=rtpmap:8 PCMA/8000\r\na=rtpmap:106 CN/32000\r\na=rtpmap:105 CN/16000\r\na=rtpmap:13 CN/8000\r\na=rtpmap:110 telephone-event/48000\r\na=rtpmap:112 telephone-event/32000\r\na=rtpmap:113 telephone-event/16000\r\na=rtpmap:126 telephone-event/8000\r\nm=video 9 UDP/TLS/RTP/SAVPF 96 97 98 99 100 101 122 102 121 127 120 125 107 108 109 35 36 124 119 123 118 114 115 116 37\r\nc=IN IP4 0.0.0.0\r\na=rtcp:9 IN IP4 0.0.0.0\r\na=ice-ufrag:6ReD\r\na=ice-pwd:QBmcZYd/t+InpMVkxQEEXnE4\r\na=ice-options:trickle\r\na=fingerprint:sha-256 DD:7E:6F:CD:B8:13:4E:37:D2:92:6D:8E:30:FB:FE:13:29:C9:F8:FD:78:0B:C4:59:42:61:BC:CF:02:91:6B:3C\r\na=setup:actpass\r\na=mid:1\r\na=extmap:14 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:toffset\r\na=extmap:2 http://www.webrtc.org/experiments/rtp-hdrext/abs-send-time\r\na=extmap:13 urn:3gpp:video-orientation\r\na=extmap:3 http://www.ietf.org/id/draft-holmer-rmcat-transport-wide-cc-extensions-01\r\na=extmap:5 http://www.webrtc.org/experiments/rtp-hdrext/playout-delay\r\na=extmap:6 http://www.webrtc.org/experiments/rtp-hdrext/video-content-type\r\na=extmap:7 http://www.webrtc.org/experiments/rtp-hdrext/video-timing\r\na=extmap:8 http://www.webrtc.org/experiments/rtp-hdrext/color-space\r\na=extmap:4 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:sdes:mid\r\na=extmap:10 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:sdes:rtp-stream-id\r\na=extmap:11 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:sdes:repaired-rtp-stream-id\r\na=recvonly\r\na=rtcp-mux\r\na=rtcp-rsize\r\na=rtpmap:96 VP8/90000\r\na=rtcp-fb:96 goog-remb\r\na=rtcp-fb:96 transport-cc\r\na=rtcp-fb:96 ccm fir\r\na=rtcp-fb:96 nack\r\na=rtcp-fb:96 nack pli\r\na=rtpmap:97 rtx/90000\r\na=fmtp:97 apt=96\r\na=rtpmap:98 VP9/90000\r\na=rtcp-fb:98 goog-remb\r\na=rtcp-fb:98 transport-cc\r\na=rtcp-fb:98 ccm fir\r\na=rtcp-fb:98 nack\r\na=rtcp-fb:98 nack pli\r\na=fmtp:98 profile-id=0\r\na=rtpmap:99 rtx/90000\r\na=fmtp:99 apt=98\r\na=rtpmap:100 VP9/90000\r\na=rtcp-fb:100 goog-remb\r\na=rtcp-fb:100 transport-cc\r\na=rtcp-fb:100 ccm fir\r\na=rtcp-fb:100 nack\r\na=rtcp-fb:100 nack pli\r\na=fmtp:100 profile-id=2\r\na=rtpmap:101 rtx/90000\r\na=fmtp:101 apt=100\r\na=rtpmap:122 VP9/90000\r\na=rtcp-fb:122 goog-remb\r\na=rtcp-fb:122 transport-cc\r\na=rtcp-fb:122 ccm fir\r\na=rtcp-fb:122 nack\r\na=rtcp-fb:122 nack pli\r\na=fmtp:122 profile-id=1\r\na=rtpmap:102 H264/90000\r\na=rtcp-fb:102 goog-remb\r\na=rtcp-fb:102 transport-cc\r\na=rtcp-fb:102 ccm fir\r\na=rtcp-fb:102 nack\r\na=rtcp-fb:102 nack pli\r\na=fmtp:102 level-asymmetry-allowed=1;packetization-mode=1;profile-level-id=42001f\r\na=rtpmap:121 rtx/90000\r\na=fmtp:121 apt=102\r\na=rtpmap:127 H264/90000\r\na=rtcp-fb:127 goog-remb\r\na=rtcp-fb:127 transport-cc\r\na=rtcp-fb:127 ccm fir\r\na=rtcp-fb:127 nack\r\na=rtcp-fb:127 nack pli\r\na=fmtp:127 level-asymmetry-allowed=1;packetization-mode=0;profile-level-id=42001f\r\na=rtpmap:120 rtx/90000\r\na=fmtp:120 apt=127\r\na=rtpmap:125 H264/90000\r\na=rtcp-fb:125 goog-remb\r\na=rtcp-fb:125 transport-cc\r\na=rtcp-fb:125 ccm fir\r\na=rtcp-fb:125 nack\r\na=rtcp-fb:125 nack pli\r\na=fmtp:125 level-asymmetry-allowed=1;packetization-mode=1;profile-level-id=42e01f\r\na=rtpmap:107 rtx/90000\r\na=fmtp:107 apt=125\r\na=rtpmap:108 H264/90000\r\na=rtcp-fb:108 goog-remb\r\na=rtcp-fb:108 transport-cc\r\na=rtcp-fb:108 ccm fir\r\na=rtcp-fb:108 nack\r\na=rtcp-fb:108 nack pli\r\na=fmtp:108 level-asymmetry-allowed=1;packetization-mode=0;profile-level-id=42e01f\r\na=rtpmap:109 rtx/90000\r\na=fmtp:109 apt=108\r\na=rtpmap:35 AV1/90000\r\na=rtcp-fb:35 goog-remb\r\na=rtcp-fb:35 transport-cc\r\na=rtcp-fb:35 ccm fir\r\na=rtcp-fb:35 nack\r\na=rtcp-fb:35 nack pli\r\na=rtpmap:36 rtx/90000\r\na=fmtp:36 apt=35\r\na=rtpmap:124 H264/90000\r\na=rtcp-fb:124 goog-remb\r\na=rtcp-fb:124 transport-cc\r\na=rtcp-fb:124 ccm fir\r\na=rtcp-fb:124 nack\r\na=rtcp-fb:124 nack pli\r\na=fmtp:124 level-asymmetry-allowed=1;packetization-mode=1;profile-level-id=4d0032\r\na=rtpmap:119 rtx/90000\r\na=fmtp:119 apt=124\r\na=rtpmap:123 H264/90000\r\na=rtcp-fb:123 goog-remb\r\na=rtcp-fb:123 transport-cc\r\na=rtcp-fb:123 ccm fir\r\na=rtcp-fb:123 nack\r\na=rtcp-fb:123 nack pli\r\na=fmtp:123 level-asymmetry-allowed=1;packetization-mode=1;profile-level-id=640032\r\na=rtpmap:118 rtx/90000\r\na=fmtp:118 apt=123\r\na=rtpmap:114 red/90000\r\na=rtpmap:115 rtx/90000\r\na=fmtp:115 apt=114\r\na=rtpmap:116 ulpfec/90000\r\na=rtpmap:37 flexfec-03/90000\r\na=rtcp-fb:37 goog-remb\r\na=rtcp-fb:37 transport-cc\r\na=fmtp:37 repair-window=10000000\r\nm=application 9 UDP/DTLS/SCTP webrtc-datachannel\r\nc=IN IP4 0.0.0.0\r\na=ice-ufrag:6ReD\r\na=ice-pwd:QBmcZYd/t+InpMVkxQEEXnE4\r\na=ice-options:trickle\r\na=fingerprint:sha-256 DD:7E:6F:CD:B8:13:4E:37:D2:92:6D:8E:30:FB:FE:13:29:C9:F8:FD:78:0B:C4:59:42:61:BC:CF:02:91:6B:3C\r\na=setup:actpass\r\na=mid:2\r\na=sctp-port:5000\r\na=max-message-size:262144\r\n
Formatted:
v=0 o=- 2214114893783582286 2 IN IP4 127.0.0.1 s=- t=0 0 a=group:BUNDLE 0 1 2 a=extmap-allow-mixed a=msid-semantic: WMS m=audio 9 UDP/TLS/RTP/SAVPF 111 63 103 104 9 0 8 106 105 13 110 112 113 126 c=IN IP4 0.0.0.0 a=rtcp:9 IN IP4 0.0.0.0 a=ice-ufrag:6ReD a=ice-pwd:QBmcZYd/t+InpMVkxQEEXnE4 a=ice-options:trickle a=fingerprint:sha-256 DD:7E:6F:CD:B8:13:4E:37:D2:92:6D:8E:30:FB:FE:13:29:C9:F8:FD:78:0B:C4:59:42:61:BC:CF:02:91:6B:3C a=setup:actpass a=mid:0 a=extmap:1 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:ssrc-audio-level a=extmap:2 http://www.webrtc.org/experiments/rtp-hdrext/abs-send-time a=extmap:3 http://www.ietf.org/id/draft-holmer-rmcat-transport-wide-cc-extensions-01 a=extmap:4 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:sdes:mid a=recvonly a=rtcp-mux a=rtpmap:111 opus/48000/2 a=rtcp-fb:111 transport-cc a=fmtp:111 minptime=10;useinbandfec=1 a=rtpmap:63 red/48000/2 a=fmtp:63 111/111 a=rtpmap:103 ISAC/16000 a=rtpmap:104 ISAC/32000 a=rtpmap:9 G722/8000 a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000 a=rtpmap:8 PCMA/8000 a=rtpmap:106 CN/32000 a=rtpmap:105 CN/16000 a=rtpmap:13 CN/8000 a=rtpmap:110 telephone-event/48000 a=rtpmap:112 telephone-event/32000 a=rtpmap:113 telephone-event/16000 a=rtpmap:126 telephone-event/8000 m=video 9 UDP/TLS/RTP/SAVPF 96 97 98 99 100 101 122 102 121 127 120 125 107 108 109 35 36 124 119 123 118 114 115 116 37 c=IN IP4 0.0.0.0 a=rtcp:9 IN IP4 0.0.0.0 a=ice-ufrag:6ReD a=ice-pwd:QBmcZYd/t+InpMVkxQEEXnE4 a=ice-options:trickle a=fingerprint:sha-256 DD:7E:6F:CD:B8:13:4E:37:D2:92:6D:8E:30:FB:FE:13:29:C9:F8:FD:78:0B:C4:59:42:61:BC:CF:02:91:6B:3C a=setup:actpass a=mid:1 a=extmap:14 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:toffset a=extmap:2 http://www.webrtc.org/experiments/rtp-hdrext/abs-send-time a=extmap:13 urn:3gpp:video-orientation a=extmap:3 http://www.ietf.org/id/draft-holmer-rmcat-transport-wide-cc-extensions-01 a=extmap:5 http://www.webrtc.org/experiments/rtp-hdrext/playout-delay a=extmap:6 http://www.webrtc.org/experiments/rtp-hdrext/video-content-type a=extmap:7 http://www.webrtc.org/experiments/rtp-hdrext/video-timing a=extmap:8 http://www.webrtc.org/experiments/rtp-hdrext/color-space a=extmap:4 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:sdes:mid a=extmap:10 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:sdes:rtp-stream-id a=extmap:11 urn:ietf:params:rtp-hdrext:sdes:repaired-rtp-stream-id a=recvonly a=rtcp-mux a=rtcp-rsize a=rtpmap:96 VP8/90000 a=rtcp-fb:96 goog-remb a=rtcp-fb:96 transport-cc a=rtcp-fb:96 ccm fir a=rtcp-fb:96 nack a=rtcp-fb:96 nack pli a=rtpmap:97 rtx/90000 a=fmtp:97 apt=96 a=rtpmap:98 VP9/90000 a=rtcp-fb:98 goog-remb a=rtcp-fb:98 transport-cc a=rtcp-fb:98 ccm fir a=rtcp-fb:98 nack a=rtcp-fb:98 nack pli a=fmtp:98 profile-id=0 a=rtpmap:99 rtx/90000 a=fmtp:99 apt=98 a=rtpmap:100 VP9/90000 a=rtcp-fb:100 goog-remb a=rtcp-fb:100 transport-cc a=rtcp-fb:100 ccm fir a=rtcp-fb:100 nack a=rtcp-fb:100 nack pli a=fmtp:100 profile-id=2 a=rtpmap:101 rtx/90000 a=fmtp:101 apt=100 a=rtpmap:122 VP9/90000 a=rtcp-fb:122 goog-remb a=rtcp-fb:122 transport-cc a=rtcp-fb:122 ccm fir a=rtcp-fb:122 nack a=rtcp-fb:122 nack pli a=fmtp:122 profile-id=1 a=rtpmap:102 H264/90000 a=rtcp-fb:102 goog-remb a=rtcp-fb:102 transport-cc a=rtcp-fb:102 ccm fir a=rtcp-fb:102 nack a=rtcp-fb:102 nack pli a=fmtp:102 level-asymmetry-allowed=1;packetization-mode=1;profile-level-id=42001f a=rtpmap:121 rtx/90000 a=fmtp:121 apt=102 a=rtpmap:127 H264/90000 a=rtcp-fb:127 goog-remb a=rtcp-fb:127 transport-cc a=rtcp-fb:127 ccm fir a=rtcp-fb:127 nack a=rtcp-fb:127 nack pli a=fmtp:127 level-asymmetry-allowed=1;packetization-mode=0;profile-level-id=42001f a=rtpmap:120 rtx/90000 a=fmtp:120 apt=127 a=rtpmap:125 H264/90000 a=rtcp-fb:125 goog-remb a=rtcp-fb:125 transport-cc a=rtcp-fb:125 ccm fir a=rtcp-fb:125 nack a=rtcp-fb:125 nack pli a=fmtp:125 level-asymmetry-allowed=1;packetization-mode=1;profile-level-id=42e01f a=rtpmap:107 rtx/90000 a=fmtp:107 apt=125 a=rtpmap:108 H264/90000 a=rtcp-fb:108 goog-remb a=rtcp-fb:108 transport-cc a=rtcp-fb:108 ccm fir a=rtcp-fb:108 nack a=rtcp-fb:108 nack pli a=fmtp:108 level-asymmetry-allowed=1;packetization-mode=0;profile-level-id=42e01f a=rtpmap:109 rtx/90000 a=fmtp:109 apt=108 a=rtpmap:35 AV1/90000 a=rtcp-fb:35 goog-remb a=rtcp-fb:35 transport-cc a=rtcp-fb:35 ccm fir a=rtcp-fb:35 nack a=rtcp-fb:35 nack pli a=rtpmap:36 rtx/90000 a=fmtp:36 apt=35 a=rtpmap:124 H264/90000 a=rtcp-fb:124 goog-remb a=rtcp-fb:124 transport-cc a=rtcp-fb:124 ccm fir a=rtcp-fb:124 nack a=rtcp-fb:124 nack pli a=fmtp:124 level-asymmetry-allowed=1;packetization-mode=1;profile-level-id=4d0032 a=rtpmap:119 rtx/90000 a=fmtp:119 apt=124 a=rtpmap:123 H264/90000 a=rtcp-fb:123 goog-remb a=rtcp-fb:123 transport-cc a=rtcp-fb:123 ccm fir a=rtcp-fb:123 nack a=rtcp-fb:123 nack pli a=fmtp:123 level-asymmetry-allowed=1;packetization-mode=1;profile-level-id=640032 a=rtpmap:118 rtx/90000 a=fmtp:118 apt=123 a=rtpmap:114 red/90000 a=rtpmap:115 rtx/90000 a=fmtp:115 apt=114 a=rtpmap:116 ulpfec/90000 a=rtpmap:37 flexfec-03/90000 a=rtcp-fb:37 goog-remb a=rtcp-fb:37 transport-cc a=fmtp:37 repair-window=10000000 m=application 9 UDP/DTLS/SCTP webrtc-datachannel c=IN IP4 0.0.0.0 a=ice-ufrag:6ReD a=ice-pwd:QBmcZYd/t+InpMVkxQEEXnE4 a=ice-options:trickle a=fingerprint:sha-256 DD:7E:6F:CD:B8:13:4E:37:D2:92:6D:8E:30:FB:FE:13:29:C9:F8:FD:78:0B:C4:59:42:61:BC:CF:02:91:6B:3C a=setup:actpass a=mid:2 a=sctp-port:5000 a=max-message-size:262144
Extend a live stream
Camera live stream sessions are only valid for 5 minutes. If you need to extend the lifetime of a live stream, use the appropriate ExtendFormatStream command of the CameraLiveStream trait for the stream format you generated.
WebRTC
Wired
A WebRTC stream can only be extended on wire-powered cameras. A battery-powered camera is considered wire-powered while plugged in for charging. If the camera is on battery power, a request to extend an active WebRTC stream will be ignored.
To extend a WebRTC stream, specify the media session ID of the stream with the ExtendWebRtcStream command of the CameraLiveStream trait:
Request
POST /enterprises/project-id/devices/device-id:executeCommand
{
"command" : "sdm.devices.commands.CameraLiveStream.ExtendWebRtcStream
",
"params" : {
"mediaSessionId" : "yq2yPBipndE9EAfOPSzCn5vNz0..."
}
}
Response
{ "results" : { "expiresAt" : "2018-01-04T18:30:00.000Z", "mediaSessionId" : "yq2yPBipndE9EAfOPSzCn5vNz0..." } }
Stop a live stream
Any time you are no longer using a camera live stream, you should stop it and invalidate the stream. To do so, use the appropriate StopFormatStream command of the CameraLiveStream trait for the stream format you generated.
WebRTC
To stop a WebRTC stream, specify the media session ID with the StopWebRtcStream command of the CameraLiveStream trait:
Request
POST /enterprises/project-id/devices/device-id:executeCommand
{
"command" : "sdm.devices.commands.CameraLiveStream.StopWebRtcStream
",
"params" : {
"mediaSessionId" : "yq2yPBipndE9EAfOPSzCn5vNz0..."
}
}
Response
{}
Errors
The following error code(s) may be returned in relation to this device:
Error Message | RPC | Troubleshooting |
---|---|---|
Invalid Offer SDP. | INVALID_ARGUMENT |
Offer SDP audio must be set to a=recvonly (receive only). |
Invalid Offer SDP is missing CRLF. | INVALID_ARGUMENT |
The newline character is missing at the end of the offerSdp string when attempting to generate a WebRTC stream. Make sure the offerSdp string ends with \r\n or \n and try to generate the stream again. |
Invalid Offer SDP m-lines. | INVALID_ARGUMENT |
Offer SDP must contain all three of the audio, video, and application m-lines in that order. |
Failed to retrieve answer SDP due to timeout. | DEADLINE_EXCEEDED |
Try to generate the WebRTC live stream again. |
See the API Error Code Reference for the full list of API error codes.