Privacy Sandbox 术语表

Privacy Sandbox 文章和文档假定读者了解隐私权、广告和网站开发方面的概念。本术语表介绍了一些关键术语。

广告竞价 (Protected Audience API)

在 Protected Audience API 中，广告竞价由卖方（可能是 SSP，也可能是发布商本身）通过用户设备上的浏览器 JavaScript 代码开展，以销售展示广告网站上的广告空间。

广告素材, 广告素材

广告素材是指向用户投放的广告内容。广告素材可以是图片、视频、音频和其他格式广告素材位于广告空间内，并由广告技术平台在订单项内投放。

Ad Exchange

广告交易平台是一种用于自动买卖来自多个广告联盟的广告资源的平台。

广告资源、广告空间

广告资源空间是指销售广告空间的网站提供的广告空间。

广告平台（广告技术）

广告平台是指提供广告投放服务的公司。

广告客户

广告客户是指付费宣传其产品的公司。

可汇总的报告

可汇总报告是从各个用户设备发送的加密报告。这些报告包含有关跨网站用户行为和转化的数据。转化（有时称为归因触发器事件）和关联的指标由广告主或广告技术平台定义。每个报告都会加密，以防止多方访问基础数据。

证明

认证是一种用于对软件身份进行身份验证的机制，通常使用加密哈希或签名。对于汇总服务方案，证明会将广告技术平台运营的汇总服务中运行的代码与开放源代码进行匹配。

归因

归因是指识别有助于带来结果的用户操作。

例如，广告点击次数或观看次数与转化次数之间的关联。

Blink 是 Chrome 使用的渲染引擎，作为 Chromium 项目的一部分开发。

采购员

A buyer is a party bidding for ad space in an ad auction, likely to be a DSP, or maybe the advertiser itself. Ad space buyers own and manage interest groups.

Publishers make ad inventory available through marketplaces called ad exchanges, and buyers compete in real time through a DSP for the opportunity to place their advertisement.

Learn about ad space buyers in the Protected Audience API.

Chromium

Chromium 是一个开源网络浏览器项目。Chrome、Microsoft Edge、Opera 等 浏览器都基于 Chromium

点击型转化 (CTC)

点击型转化是指归因于用户点击的广告的转化。

点击率 (CTR)

点击率是点击广告后看到了广告的用户的比率。

另请参阅“展示”。

转化

转化是指用户完成某个期望的目标后。

例如，在点击链接到广告客户网站的广告后，购买产品或注册简报后，可能会发生一次转化。

A cookie is a small piece of textual data that websites can store on a user's browser. Cookies can be used by a website to save information associated with a user (or a reference to data stored on the website's backend servers) as the user moves across the web.

For example, an online store can retain shopping cart details even if a user is not logged in, or the site could record the user's browsing activity on their site. See First-party cookie and Third-party cookie.

协调者

协调者是负责密钥管理和可汇总报告的会计核算的实体。协调者维护已获批准的汇总服务配置的哈希列表，并配置对解密密钥的访问权限。

粗略数据

Course data refers to limited information provided by Attribution Reporting API event-level reports. This is limited to 3 pieces of conversion data for clicks and 1 piece for views. Specific, granular conversion data (such as specific prices of items and timestamps) are not included.

数据管理平台 (DMP)

数据管理平台是一种软件，用于收集和管理与广告客户相关的数据。这些平台可帮助广告主和发布商确定细分受众群，然后将其用于广告系列定位。

详细了解 DMP。

需求方平台 (DSP)

需求方平台是一种用于自动执行广告购买的广告技术服务。广告客户可以使用 DSP 在多个发布商网站上购买广告展示。

差分隐私

差分隐私是指通过共享有关数据集的信息来揭示行为模式，而不泄露个体的私密信息或个体是否属于该数据集的技术。

网域

网域。请参阅顶级域名和 eTLD。

熵

Entropy, in the privacy domain, is a measure of how much an item of data reveals individual identity.

Data entropy is measured in bits. The more that data reveals identity, the higher its entropy value.

Data can be combined to identify an individual, but it can be difficult to work out whether new data adds to entropy. For example, knowing a person is from Australia doesn't reduce entropy if you already know the person is from Kangaroo Island.

纪元

在 Topics API 中，“周期”是指浏览器根据用户的浏览活动为其推断主题的时间段。当前设置为 1 周。

eTLD、eTLD+1

eTLDs are effective top-level domains (TLD), which are defined by the Public Suffix List.

For example:

co.uk 
github.io 
glitch.me

Effective TLDs are what allow foo.appspot.com to be a different site from bar.appspot.com. The eTLD in this case is appspot.com, and the whole site name (foo.appspot.com, bar.appspot.com) is known as the eTLD+1.

See also Top-Level Domain.

事件级报告

事件级报告：将（广告端）的特定广告点击或观看与转化端数据相关联。为了通过限制跨网站联接用户身份来保护用户隐私，转化端数据非常有限，并且数据非常嘈杂。

Federated Credential Management API (FedCM)

Federated Credential Management API is a proposal for a privacy-preserving approach to federated identity services. This will allow users to log into sites without sharing their personal information with the identity service or the site.

FedCM was previously known as WebID, and is still in development in the W3C.

联合身份（联合登录）

联合身份是一个第三方平台，可让用户登录网站，而无需网站实现自己的身份服务。

围栏框架

A (<fencedframe>) is a proposed HTML element for embedded content, similar to an iframe. Unlike iframes, a fenced frame restricts communication with its embedding context to allow the frame access to cross-site data without sharing it with the embedding context.

Some Privacy Sandbox APIs may require select documents to render within a fenced frame. Learn more about the Fenced Frames proposal.

数字“指纹”收集

Fingerprinting encompasses techniques to identify and track the behaviour of individual users.

Fingerprinting uses mechanisms that users aren't aware of and can't control.

数字“指纹”收集

数字“指纹”收集表面可以（可能与其他表面结合使用）来识别特定用户或设备。

例如，navigator.userAgent() JavaScript 方法和 User-Agent HTTP 请求标头提供对数字“指纹”收集表面（用户代理字符串）的访问权限。

第一方

First party refers to resources from the site you're visiting.

For example, the page you're reading is on the site developer.chrome.com and includes resources requested from this site. Requests for those first-party resources are called 'first-party requests'. Cookies from developer.chrome.com stored while you're on this site are called first-party cookies.

See also Third-party.

第一方 Cookie 是指当用户访问网站时网站存储的 Cookie。

例如，网店可能会要求浏览器存储一个 Cookie，以便为未登录的用户保留购物车详细信息。另请参阅第三方 Cookie。

互联网向互联网

实验意图 (I2E) 表示我们计划向用户发布一项新的 Blink 功能以进行测试（通常是通过源试用）。

国际化电气组织 (I2EE)

扩展实验 (I2EE) 的意图是关于延长源试用时长的计划公告。

I2P

意向原型设计 (I2P) 是 Blink 中开发新功能的第一个阶段。此公告将发布到 blink-dev 邮寄名单中，其中包含指向可供讨论的提案的链接。

I2S

intent to Ship (I2S) 是一项计划公告，旨在说明我们计划在稳定版 Chrome 中向用户提供 Blink 的新功能。

展示

展示可能是指：

  • 观看广告。另请参阅点击率。
  • 广告位：网页上可展示广告的 HTML 标记（通常是 <div> 标记）。广告位构成广告资源。

兴趣群体

In the Protected Audience API, formerly FLEDGE, an interest group represents a group of people with a common interest, corresponding to a remarketing list.

Every interest group has an owner. Different types of owners will create different types of interest groups with different use cases.

广告资源

广告资源是网站上可用的广告位。广告位是可用来展示广告的 HTML 标记（通常是 <div> 标记）。

k-匿名性

k-匿名性用于衡量数据集内的匿名性。如果您具有 k 匿名性，则无法与数据集中的 k-1 个其他个体区分开来。也就是说，k 个人具有相同的信息（包括您在内）。

Nonce

Nonce 是在加密通信中仅使用一次的任意数字。

原点

来源由架构（协议）、主机名（网域）和用于访问的网址的端口定义。

例如：https://developer.chrome.com

源试用

Origin trials are trials that provide access to a new or experimental feature, to make it possible to build functions that users can try out for a limited time before the feature is made available to everyone.

When Chrome offers an origin trial for a feature, an origin can be registered for the trial to allow the feature for all users on that origin, without requiring users to toggle flags or switch to an alternative build of Chrome (though they may need to upgrade). Origin trials allow developers to build demos and prototypes using new features. The trials help Chrome engineers understand how new features are used, and how they may interact with other web technologies.

Find out more: Getting started with Chrome's origin trials.

被动表面

Passive surfaces are fingerprinting surfaces—such as User-Agent strings, IP addresses, and Accept-Language headers—that are available to every website, whether the site asks for them or not.

Passive surfaces can easily consume a site's privacy budget.

The Privacy Sandbox initiative proposes replacing passive surfaces with active ways to get specific information, for example using Client Hints a single time to get the user's language rather than having an Accept-Language header for every response to every server.

Protected Audience API

Protected Audience API 是 FLEDGE API 的新名称。

发布商

在 Privacy Sandbox 环境中，发布商是一个设有广告空间的网站，可通过付费来展示广告。

覆盖面

覆盖面是指看到广告或访问了展示广告的网页的用户总数。

实时出价 (RTB)

实时出价是一种自动竞价机制，用于买卖网站上的广告展示，在网页加载期间完成。

再营销

再营销是向曾经在其他网站上访问过您网站的用户投放广告的做法。

例如，网店可以向以前在您的网站上查看过玩具的用户展示玩具促销广告。

报告来源

报告来源是接收可汇总报告的实体，即调用 Attribution Reporting API 的广告技术平台。可汇总报告会从用户设备发送到与报告来源相关联的知名网址。

缩放比例

在 Attribution Reporting API 中，缩放系数是指您选择将可汇总值乘以的倍数。调整预算会影响噪声效果和您的贡献预算。

卖家

卖方是进行广告竞价的一方，可能是 SSP，也可能是发布商本身。

网站

网站相当于一个 eTLD+1，并包含一个协议。

另请参阅顶级域名。

存储分区

存储空间分区是 Chrome 中的一种机制，旨在防止某些类型的旁路跨网站跟踪。Chrome 会在第三方上下文中对存储空间和通信 API 进行分区。

存储分区可防止网站跨不同网站联接数据，以在网络上跟踪用户。

摘要报告

摘要报告分为 Attribution Reporting API 和 Private Aggregation API 两种报告类型。摘要报告包含汇总的用户数据，可以包含详细的转化数据，但添加了噪声。摘要报告由汇总报告组成。

供应方平台、卖方平台

供应方平台是一种用于自动销售广告资源的广告技术服务。SSP 允许发布商将广告资源（用来放置广告的空矩形）提供给多个广告交易平台、DSP 和广告联盟。这样一来，各个潜在买方都可以出价竞争广告空间。

Surface

Surface。请参阅数字“指纹”收集和被动表面。

Third party refers to resources served from a domain that's different from the website you're visiting.

For example, a website foo.com might use analytics code from google-analytics.com (via JavaScript), fonts from use.typekit.net (via a link element) and a video from vimeo.com (in an iframe). See also First-party.

A third-party cookie is a cookie stored by a third-party service.

For example, a video website might include a Watch Later button in their embedded player to allow a user to add a video to their wishlist without forcing them to navigate to the video site.

See also First-party cookie.

顶级域名 (TLD)

根区域数据库中列出了 .com 和 .org 等顶级网域。

另请参阅 eTLD、网站。

可信执行环境 (TEE)

A trusted execution environment is a special configuration of computer hardware and software that allows external parties to verify the exact versions of software running on the computer. TEEs allow external parties to verify that the software does exactly what the software manufacturer claims it does—nothing more or less.

To learn more about TEEs used for the Privacy Sandbox proposals, read the Protected Audience API services explainer and the Aggregation Service explainer.

用户代理客户端提示 (UA-CH)

用户代理客户端提示会在显式请求中提供具体的用户代理字符串片段。这有助于减少用户代理字符串中的被动界面（可能会导致识别或隐蔽跟踪）。

UA-CH 有时称为“客户端提示”。

用户代理字符串

A user-agent string is an HTTP header used by servers and network peers to request identifying information about an application, operating system, vendor, or version of a user agent. The User-Agent string broadcasts a large string of data, which is problematic for user privacy. User-Agent reduction is proposed to remove sensitive information and reduce passive fingerprinting.

.well-known

.well-known is a file used to add redirects to a website from standardized URLs.

For example, password managers can make it easier for users to update passwords if a website sets a redirect from /.well-known/change-password to the change password page of the site.

In addition, it can be useful to access policy or other information about a host before making a request. For example, robots.txt tells web crawlers which pages to visit and which pages to ignore. IETF RFC8615 outlines a standardized way to make site-wide metadata accessible in standard locations in a /.well-known/ subdirectory.

See a list of recommendations for .well-known at iana.org/assignments/well-known-uris/well-known-uris.xhtml.

Worklet

借助 worklet，您可以运行特定的 JavaScript 函数并将信息返回给请求者。在 Worklet 中，您可以执行 JavaScript，但无法与外部页面进行交互或通信。

Worklet 通过 Shared Storage API 存储和提取数据。