使用 OAuth 进行 Google 帐号关联

帐号使用行业标准的 OAuth 2.0 隐式授权代码流程来关联。您的服务必须支持符合 OAuth 2.0 规范的授权令牌交换端点。

In the implicit flow, Google opens your authorization endpoint in the user's browser. After successful sign in, you return a long-lived access token to Google. This access token is now included in every request sent from Google.

In the authorization code flow, you need two endpoints:

  • The authorization endpoint, which presents the sign-in UI to your users that aren't already signed in. The authorization endpoint also creates a short-lived authorization code to record users' consent to the requested access.

  • The token exchange endpoint, which is responsible for two types of exchanges:

    1. Exchanges an authorization code for a long-lived refresh token and a short-lived access token. This exchange happens when the user goes through the account linking flow.
    2. Exchanges a long-lived refresh token for a short-lived access token. This exchange happens when Google needs a new access token because the one it had expired.

Choose an OAuth 2.0 flow

Although the implicit flow is simpler to implement, Google recommends that access tokens issued by the implicit flow never expire. This is because the user is forced to link their account again after a token expires with the implicit flow. If you need token expiration for security reasons, we strongly recommend that you use the authorization code flow instead.

Design guidelines

This section describes the design requirements and recommendations for the user screen that you host for OAuth linking flows. After it's called by Google's app, your platform displays a sign in to Google page and account linking consent screen to the user. The user is directed back to Google's app after giving their consent to link accounts.

This figure shows the steps for a user to link their Google account
            to your authentication system. The first screenshot shows
            user-initiated linking from your platform. The second image shows
            user sign-in to Google, while the third shows the user consent and
            confirmation for linking their Google account with your app. The
            final screenshot shows a successfully linked user account in the
            Google app.
Figure 1. Account linking user sign in to Google and consent screens.

Requirements

  1. You must communicate that the user’s account will be linked to Google, not a specific Google product like Google Home or Google Assistant.

Recommendations

We recommend that you do the following:

  1. Display Google's Privacy Policy. Include a link to Google’s Privacy Policy on the consent screen.

  2. Data to be shared. Use clear and concise language to tell the user what data of theirs Google requires and why.

  3. Clear call-to-action. State a clear call-to-action on your consent screen, such as “Agree and link.” This is because users need to understand what data they're required to share with Google to link their accounts.

  4. Ability to cancel. Provide a way for users to go back or cancel, if they choose not to link.

  5. Clear sign-in process. Ensure that users have clear method for signing in to their Google account, such as fields for their username and password or Sign in with Google.

  6. Ability to unlink. Offer a mechanism for users to unlink, such as a URL to their account settings on your platform. Alternatively, you can include a link to Google Account where users can manage their linked account.

  7. Ability to change user account. Suggest a method for users to switch their account(s). This is especially beneficial if users tend to have multiple accounts.

    • If a user must close the consent screen to switch accounts, send a recoverable error to Google so the user can sign in to the desired account with OAuth linking and the implicit flow.
  8. Include your logo. Display your company logo on the consent screen. Use your style guidelines to place your logo. If you wish to also display Google's logo, see Logos and trademarks.

创建项目

如需创建项目以使用帐号关联,请按以下步骤操作:

  1. Go to the Google API Console.
  2. 单击创建项目
  3. 输入名称或接受生成的建议。
  4. 确认或编辑所有剩余字段。
  5. 点击创建

要查看您的项目ID:

  1. Go to the Google API Console.
  2. 在登录页面的表格中找到您的项目。项目ID出现在ID列中。

Google 帐号关联流程包括一个同意屏幕,用于告知用户请求访问其数据的应用、用户要求的数据类型以及适用的条款。您需要先配置 OAuth 权限请求页面,然后才能生成 Google API 客户端 ID。

  1. 打开 Google API 控制台的 OAuth 同意屏幕页面。
  2. 如果出现提示,请选择您刚刚创建的项目。
  3. 在“OAuth 同意屏幕”页面上,填写表单,然后点击“保存”按钮。

    应用名称:请求用户同意的应用的名称。该名称应准确反映您的应用,并与用户在别处看到的应用名称保持一致。应用名称将显示在帐号关联同意屏幕上。

    应用徽标:同意屏幕上的图片,有助于用户识别您的应用。徽标会显示在帐号关联同意屏幕和帐号设置

    支持电子邮件地址:供用户就其同意情况与您联系。

    Google API 的范围:范围允许您的应用访问用户的私有 Google 数据。对于 Google 帐号关联用例,默认范围(电子邮件、个人资料、OpenID)就足够了,您无需添加任何敏感范围。最佳做法一般是在需要访问时逐步请求作用域,而不是预先请求。了解详情

    已获授权的网域:为保护您和您的用户,Google 仅允许使用 OAuth 进行身份验证的应用使用已获授权的网域。您应用的链接必须托管在已获授权的网域上。了解详情

    应用首页链接:您的应用的首页。必须托管在已获授权的网域上。

    应用隐私权政策链接:在 Google 帐号关联同意屏幕上显示。必须托管在已获授权的网域上。

    应用服务条款链接(可选):必须托管在已获授权的网域上。

    图 1. 一款虚构应用 Tunery 的 Google 帐号关联同意屏幕

  4. 查看“验证状态”。如果您的申请需要验证,请点击“提交验证”按钮,提交您的申请。如需了解详情,请参阅 OAuth 验证要求

实现 OAuth 服务器

为了支持 OAuth 2.0 隐式流,您的服务会进行授权 端点。此端点负责进行身份验证, 就数据访问征得用户同意。授权端点 向尚未登录的用户显示登录界面,并记录 同意所请求的访问。

当 Google 应用需要调用您的某项服务获得授权的 API 时, Google 使用此端点从您的用户处获取调用这些 API 的权限 。

由 Google 发起的典型 OAuth 2.0 隐式流会话具有以下特征: 以下流程:

  1. Google 会在用户的浏览器中打开您的授权端点。通过 如果用户尚未登录,则直接登录,然后授予 Google 以下权限: 访问您的 API 访问其数据(如果尚未授权)。
  2. 您的服务会创建一个访问令牌并将其返回给 Google。为此,请将用户的浏览器重定向回 Google,并提供相应的访问权限 令牌。
  3. Google 调用您的服务的 API,并附加带有 。您的服务会验证访问令牌是否向 Google 授予 访问 API 的授权,然后完成 API 调用。

处理授权请求

当 Google 应用需要通过 OAuth 2.0 执行账号关联时 隐式流程,Google 会通过 请求,其中包含以下参数:

授权端点参数
client_id 您分配给 Google 的客户 ID。
redirect_uri 此请求的响应发送到的网址。
state 将一个在 重定向 URI。
response_type 要在响应中返回的值的类型。对于 OAuth 2.0 隐式 则响应类型始终为 token
user_locale “Google 账号语言设置” RFC5646 用于将您的内容本地化为用户首选语言的格式。

例如,如果您的授权端点位于 https://myservice.example.com/auth 时,请求可能如下所示:

GET https://myservice.example.com/auth?client_id=GOOGLE_CLIENT_ID&redirect_uri=REDIRECT_URI&state=STATE_STRING&response_type=token&user_locale=LOCALE

为了让授权端点能够处理登录请求,请执行以下操作 步骤:

  1. 验证 client_idredirect_uri 值, 防止向意外或配置错误的客户端应用授予访问权限:

    • 确认 client_id 是否与您的客户端 ID 匹配 分配给 Google。
    • 确认 redirect_uri 指定的网址 参数的格式如下:
      https://oauth-redirect.googleusercontent.com/r/YOUR_PROJECT_ID
      https://oauth-redirect-sandbox.googleusercontent.com/r/YOUR_PROJECT_ID
      
  2. 检查用户是否已登录您的服务。如果用户未登录 中,完成服务的登录或注册流程。

  3. 生成访问令牌,以供 Google 用于访问您的 API。通过 访问令牌可以是任何字符串值,但必须唯一地表示 令牌对应的用户和客户端,且不得被猜到。

  4. 发送 HTTP 响应,将用户浏览器重定向到相应网址 由 redirect_uri 参数指定。添加所有 以下参数:

    • access_token:您刚刚生成的访问令牌
    • token_type:字符串 bearer
    • state:原始状态的未修改状态值 请求

    以下是生成的网址示例:

    https://oauth-redirect.googleusercontent.com/r/YOUR_PROJECT_ID#access_token=ACCESS_TOKEN&token_type=bearer&state=STATE_STRING

Google 的 OAuth 2.0 重定向处理程序收到访问令牌并确认 state 值没有更改。在 Google 获得 访问令牌,则 Google 会将该令牌附加到后续调用 服务 API

处理 userinfo 请求

userinfo 端点是受 OAuth 2.0 保护的资源,会返回关联用户的声明。实现和托管 userinfo 端点是可选的,但以下用例除外:

从您的令牌端点成功检索到访问令牌后,Google 会向您的 userinfo 端点发送请求,以检索关联用户的基本个人资料信息。

userinfo 端点请求标头
Authorization header Bearer 类型的访问令牌。

例如,如果您的 userinfo 端点可通过 https://myservice.example.com/userinfo 时,请求可能如下所示:

GET /userinfo HTTP/1.1
Host: myservice.example.com
Authorization: Bearer ACCESS_TOKEN

为了让 userinfo 端点能够处理请求,请执行以下步骤:

  1. 从 Authorization 标头中提取访问令牌,并返回与访问令牌相关联的用户的信息。
  2. 如果访问令牌无效,则使用 WWW-Authenticate 响应标头返回 HTTP 401 Unauthorized 错误。下面是一个 userinfo 错误响应示例:
    HTTP/1.1 401 Unauthorized
    WWW-Authenticate: error="invalid_token",
    error_description="The Access Token expired"
    
    如果在关联过程中返回 401 未经授权错误或任何其他失败的错误响应,该错误将无法恢复,检索到的令牌将被舍弃,并且用户必须重新开始关联流程。
  3. 如果访问令牌有效,则返回 HTTPS 正文中包含以下 JSON 对象的 HTTP 200 响应 回复:

    {
    "sub": "USER_UUID",
    "email": "EMAIL_ADDRESS",
    "given_name": "FIRST_NAME",
    "family_name": "LAST_NAME",
    "name": "FULL_NAME",
    "picture": "PROFILE_PICTURE",
    }
    
    如果您的 userinfo 端点返回 HTTP 200 成功响应,则系统会针对用户的 Google 账号注册检索到的令牌和声明。

    userinfo 端点响应
    sub 系统中用于识别用户的唯一 ID。
    email 用户的电子邮件地址。
    given_name 可选:用户的名字。
    family_name 可选:用户的姓氏。
    name 可选:用户的全名。
    picture 可选:用户的个人资料照片。

验证您的实现

You can validate your implementation by using the OAuth 2.0 Playground tool.

In the tool, do the following steps:

  1. Click Configuration to open the OAuth 2.0 Configuration window.
  2. In the OAuth flow field, select Client-side.
  3. In the OAuth Endpoints field, select Custom.
  4. Specify your OAuth 2.0 endpoint and the client ID you assigned to Google in the corresponding fields.
  5. In the Step 1 section, don't select any Google scopes. Instead, leave this field blank or type a scope valid for your server (or an arbitrary string if you don't use OAuth scopes). When you're done, click Authorize APIs.
  6. In the Step 2 and Step 3 sections, go through the OAuth 2.0 flow and verify that each step works as intended.

You can validate your implementation by using the Google Account Linking Demo tool.

In the tool, do the following steps:

  1. Click the Sign-in with Google button.
  2. Choose the account you'd like to link.
  3. Enter the service ID.
  4. Optionally enter one or more scopes that you will request access for.
  5. Click Start Demo.
  6. When prompted, confirm that you may consent and deny the linking request.
  7. Confirm that you are redirected to your platform.