使用 OAuth 进行 Google 帐号关联

帐号使用行业标准的 OAuth 2.0 隐式和授权代码流程来关联。您的服务必须支持符合 OAuth 2.0 规范的授权和令牌交换端点。

在隐式流程中，Google 会在用户的浏览器中打开您的授权端点。成功登录后，系统会将长期访问令牌返回到 Google。现在，从 Google 发送的每个请求中都包含此访问令牌。

在授权代码流程中，您需要两个端点：

• 授权端点 - 向尚未登录的用户显示登录界面。授权端点还会创建一个短期授权代码，用于记录用户针对所请求的访问权限的同意情况。

• 令牌交换端点，负责两种交换类型：

  1. 将授权代码交换为长期刷新令牌和短期访问令牌。这种交换会在用户完成帐号关联流程时进行。
  2. 将长期有效的刷新令牌交换为短期访问令牌。当 Google 需要新的访问令牌时，由于此令牌已过期，因此出现这种交换。

选择 OAuth 2.0 流程

虽然隐式数据流的实现过程更简单，但 Google 建议隐式数据流签发的访问令牌永远不会过期。这是因为在令牌随隐式流程过期后，用户被迫再次关联自己的帐号。出于安全考虑，如果您需要令牌过期，我们强烈建议您改为使用授权代码流程。

注意：使用以下按钮选择要实现的 OAuth 2.0 流程。如有必要，本指南的内容将重新加载以符合您的选择。

隐式流程 授权代码

设计准则

本部分将介绍针对 OAuth 关联流程托管的用户屏幕的设计要求和建议。在由 Google 的应用调用后，您的平台会向用户显示“登录 Google”页面和帐号关联屏幕。用户同意关联帐号后，会被重定向回 Google 的应用。

图 1.帐号关联用户登录 Google 和同意屏幕。

要求

1. 您必须告知用户该用户帐号将与 Google 关联，而不是与特定 Google 产品（例如 Google Home 或 Google 助理）关联。

建议

建议您执行以下操作：

1. 显示 Google 的隐私权政策。在同意屏幕上添加指向 Google 隐私权政策的链接。

2. 要共享的数据。使用简洁明了的语言向用户说明他们的 Google 需要哪些数据以及为何收集这些数据。

3. 明确的号召性用语。在同意屏幕上提供明确的号召性用语，例如“同意并关联”。这是因为用户需要了解他们需要与 Google 共享哪些数据，才能关联帐号。

4. 能够取消。如果用户不关联，则可以提供返回或取消的方式。

5. 清除登录流程。确保用户有明确的登录 Google 帐号的方法，例如用户名和密码字段或使用 Google 帐号登录字段。

6. 能够解除关联。为用户提供解除关联的机制，例如他们在平台上的帐号设置网址。或者，您也可以添加指向 Google 帐号的链接，以便用户可以管理关联的帐号。

7. 能够更改用户帐号。推荐一种供用户切换帐号的方法。如果用户往往拥有多个帐号，这一点尤其有用。

   • 如果用户必须关闭同意屏幕才能切换帐号，请向 Google 发送一个可恢复错误，以便用户通过 OAuth 关联和隐式流程登录所需帐号。

8. 添加徽标。在同意屏幕上显示公司徽标。 根据样式指南放置徽标。如果您还希望显示 Google 的徽标，请参阅徽标和商标。

图 2.关于用户登录 Google 和同意屏幕的设计准则。

创建项目

注意 ：您可以重复使用现有项目，而无需主要为了关联帐号而创建新项目。

如需创建项目以使用帐号关联，请按以下步骤操作：

1. Go to the Google API Console.
2. 单击创建项目 。
3. 输入名称或接受生成的建议。
4. 确认或编辑所有剩余字段。
5. 点击创建 。

要查看您的项目ID：

1. Go to the Google API Console.
2. 在登录页面的表格中找到您的项目。项目ID出现在ID列中。

配置 OAuth 权限请求页面

Google 帐号关联流程包括一个同意屏幕，用于告知用户请求访问其数据的应用、用户要求的数据类型以及适用的条款。您需要先配置 OAuth 权限请求页面，然后才能生成 Google API 客户端 ID。

1. 打开 Google API 控制台的 OAuth 同意屏幕页面。
2. 如果出现提示，请选择您刚刚创建的项目。

3. 在“OAuth 同意屏幕”页面上，填写表单，然后点击“保存”按钮。

   应用名称：请求用户同意的应用的名称。该名称应准确反映您的应用，并与用户在别处看到的应用名称保持一致。应用名称将显示在帐号关联同意屏幕上。

   应用徽标：同意屏幕上的图片，有助于用户识别您的应用。徽标会显示在帐号关联同意屏幕和帐号设置中

   支持电子邮件地址：供用户就其同意情况与您联系。

   Google API 的范围：范围允许您的应用访问用户的私有 Google 数据。对于 Google 帐号关联用例，默认范围（电子邮件、个人资料、OpenID）就足够了，您无需添加任何敏感范围。最佳做法一般是在需要访问时逐步请求作用域，而不是预先请求。了解详情。

   已获授权的网域：为保护您和您的用户，Google 仅允许使用 OAuth 进行身份验证的应用使用已获授权的网域。您应用的链接必须托管在已获授权的网域上。了解详情。

   应用首页链接：您的应用的首页。必须托管在已获授权的网域上。

   应用隐私权政策链接：在 Google 帐号关联同意屏幕上显示。必须托管在已获授权的网域上。

   应用服务条款链接（可选）：必须托管在已获授权的网域上。

   

   图 1. 一款虚构应用 Tunery 的 Google 帐号关联同意屏幕

4. 查看“验证状态”。如果您的申请需要验证，请点击“提交验证”按钮，提交您的申请。如需了解详情，请参阅 OAuth 验证要求。

实现 OAuth 服务器

An OAuth 2.0 server implementation of the authorization code flow consists of two endpoints, which your service makes available by HTTPS. The first endpoint is the authorization endpoint, which is responsible for finding or obtaining consent from users for data access. The authorization endpoint presents a sign-in UI to your users that aren't already signed in and records consent to the requested access. The second endpoint is the token exchange endpoint, which is used to obtain encrypted strings, called tokens, that authorize a user to access your service.

When a Google application needs to call one of your service's APIs, Google uses these endpoints together to get permission from your users to call these APIs on their behalf.

An OAuth 2.0 authorization code flow session initiated by Google has the following flow:

1. Google opens your authorization endpoint in the user's browser. If the flow started on a voice-only device for an Action, Google transfers the execution to a phone.
2. The user signs in, if not signed in already, and grants Google permission to access their data with your API, if they haven't already granted permission.
3. Your service creates an authorization code and returns it to Google. To do so, redirect the user's browser back to Google with the authorization code attached to the request.
4. Google sends the authorization code to your token exchange endpoint, which verifies the authenticity of the code and returns an access token and a refresh token. The access token is a short-lived token that your service accepts as credentials to access APIs. The refresh token is a long-lived token that Google can store and use to acquire new access tokens when they expire.
5. After the user has completed the account linking flow, every subsequent request sent from Google contains an access token.

Handle authorization requests

When you need to perform account linking using the OAuth 2.0 authorization code flow, Google sends the user to your authorization endpoint with a request that includes the following parameters:

Authorization endpoint parameters
client_id	The Client ID you assigned to Google.
redirect_uri	The URL to which you send the response to this request.
state	A bookkeeping value that is passed back to Google unchanged in the redirect URI.
scope	Optional: A space-delimited set of scope strings that specify the data Google is requesting authorization for.
response_type	The type of value to return in the response. For the OAuth 2.0 authorization code flow, the response type is always code.
user_locale	The Google Account language setting in RFC5646 format, used to localize your content in the user's preferred language.

For example, if your authorization endpoint is available at https://myservice.example.com/auth, a request might look like the following:

GET https://myservice.example.com/auth?client_id=GOOGLE_CLIENT_ID&redirect_uri=REDIRECT_URI&state=STATE_STRING&scope=REQUESTED_SCOPES&response_type=code&user_locale=LOCALE

For your authorization endpoint to handle sign-in requests, do the following steps:

1. Verify that the client_id matches the Client ID you assigned to Google, and that the redirect_uri matches the redirect URL provided by Google for your service. These checks are important to prevent granting access to unintended or misconfigured client apps. If you support multiple OAuth 2.0 flows, also confirm that the response_type is code.
2. Check if the user is signed in to your service. If the user isn't signed in, complete your service's sign-in or sign-up flow.
3. Generate an authorization code for Google to use to access your API. The authorization code can be any string value, but it must uniquely represent the user, the client the token is for, and the code's expiration time, and it must not be guessable. You typically issue authorization codes that expire after approximately 10 minutes.
4. Confirm that the URL specified by the redirect_uri parameter has the following form:

     https://oauth-redirect.googleusercontent.com/r/YOUR_PROJECT_ID
     https://oauth-redirect-sandbox.googleusercontent.com/r/YOUR_PROJECT_ID
     

5. Redirect the user's browser to the URL specified by the redirect_uri parameter. Include the authorization code you just generated and the original, unmodified state value when you redirect by appending the code and state parameters. The following is an example of the resulting URL:

   https://oauth-redirect.googleusercontent.com/r/YOUR_PROJECT_ID?code=AUTHORIZATION_CODE&state=STATE_STRING

Handle token exchange requests

Your service's token exchange endpoint is responsible for two kinds of token exchanges:

• Exchange authorization codes for access tokens and refresh tokens
• Exchange refresh tokens for access tokens

Token exchange requests include the following parameters:

Token exchange endpoint parameters
client_id	A string that identifies the request origin as Google. This string must be registered within your system as Google's unique identifier.
client_secret	A secret string that you registered with Google for your service.
grant_type	The type of token being exchanged. It's either authorization_code or refresh_token.
code	When grant_type=authorization_code, this parameter is the code Google received from either your sign-in or token exchange endpoint.
redirect_uri	When grant_type=authorization_code, this parameter is the URL used in the initial authorization request.
refresh_token	When grant_type=refresh_token, this parameter is the refresh token Google received from your token exchange endpoint.

Exchange authorization codes for access tokens and refresh tokens

After the user signs in and your authorization endpoint returns a short-lived authorization code to Google, Google sends a request to your token exchange endpoint to exchange the authorization code for an access token and a refresh token.

For these requests, the value of grant_type is authorization_code, and the value of code is the value of the authorization code you previously granted to Google. The following is an example of a request to exchange an authorization code for an access token and a refresh token:

POST /token HTTP/1.1
Host: oauth2.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded

client_id=GOOGLE_CLIENT_ID&client_secret=GOOGLE_CLIENT_SECRET&grant_type=authorization_code&code=AUTHORIZATION_CODE&redirect_uri=REDIRECT_URI

To exchange authorization codes for an access token and a refresh token, your token exchange endpoint responds to POST requests by executing the following steps:

1. Verify that the client_id identifies the request origin as an authorized origin, and that the client_secret matches the expected value.
2. Verify that the authorization code is valid and not expired, and that the client ID specified in the request matches the client ID associated with the authorization code.
3. Confirm that the URL specified by the redirect_uri parameter is identical to the value used in the initial authorization request.
4. If you can't verify all of the above criteria, return an HTTP 400 Bad Request error with {"error": "invalid_grant"} as the body.
5. Otherwise, use the user ID from the authorization code to generate a refresh token and an access token. These tokens can be any string value, but they must uniquely represent the user and the client the token is for, and they must not be guessable. For access tokens, also record the expiration time of the token, which is typically an hour after you issue the token. Refresh tokens don't expire.
6. Return the following JSON object in the body of the HTTPS response:

   {
   "token_type": "Bearer",
   "access_token": "ACCESS_TOKEN",
   "refresh_token": "REFRESH_TOKEN",
   "expires_in": SECONDS_TO_EXPIRATION
   }
   

Google stores the access token and the refresh token for the user and records the expiration of the access token. When the access token expires, Google uses the refresh token to get a new access token from your token exchange endpoint.

Exchange refresh tokens for access tokens

When an access token expires, Google sends a request to your token exchange endpoint to exchange a refresh token for a new access token.

For these requests, the value of grant_type is refresh_token, and the value of refresh_token is the value of the refresh token you previously granted to Google. The following is an example of a request to exchange a refresh token for an access token:

POST /token HTTP/1.1
Host: oauth2.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded

client_id=GOOGLE_CLIENT_ID&client_secret=GOOGLE_CLIENT_SECRET&grant_type=refresh_token&refresh_token=REFRESH_TOKEN

To exchange a refresh token for an access token, your token exchange endpoint responds to POST requests by executing the following steps:

1. Verify that the client_id identifies the request origin as Google, and that the client_secret matches the expected value.
2. Verify that the refresh token is valid, and that the client ID specified in the request matches the client ID associated with the refresh token.
3. If you can't verify all of the above criteria, return an HTTP 400 Bad Request error with {"error": "invalid_grant"} as the body.
4. Otherwise, use the user ID from the refresh token to generate an access token. These tokens can be any string value, but they must uniquely represent the user and the client the token is for, and they must not be guessable. For access tokens, also record the expiration time of the token, typically an hour after you issue the token.
5. Return the following JSON object in the body of the HTTPS response:

   {
   "token_type": "Bearer",
   "access_token": "ACCESS_TOKEN",
   "expires_in": SECONDS_TO_EXPIRATION
   }

Note: You can optionally return a new refresh_token in your response. For more information about when returning a new refresh_token is preferred, see Working with tokens.

Handle userinfo requests

The userinfo endpoint is an OAuth 2.0 protected resource that return claims about the linked user. Implementing and hosting the userinfo endpoint is optional, except for the following use cases:

• Linked Account Sign-In with Google One Tap.
• Frictionless subscription on AndroidTV.

After the access token has been successfully retrieved from your token endpoint, Google sends a request to your userinfo endpoint to retrieve basic profile information about the linked user.

userinfo endpoint request headers
Authorization header	The access token of type Bearer.

For example, if your userinfo endpoint is available at https://myservice.example.com/userinfo, a request might look like the following:

GET /userinfo HTTP/1.1
Host: myservice.example.com
Authorization: Bearer ACCESS_TOKEN

For your userinfo endpoint to handle requests, do the following steps:

1. Extract access token from the Authorization header and return information for the user associated with the access token.
2. If the access token is invalid, return an HTTP 401 Unauthorized error with using the WWW-Authenticate Response Header. Below is an example of a userinfo error response:

   HTTP/1.1 401 Unauthorized
   WWW-Authenticate: error="invalid_token",
   error_description="The Access Token expired"
   

   If a 401 Unauthorized, or any other unsuccessful error response is returned during the linking process, the error will be non-recoverable, the retrieved token will be discarded and the user will have to initiate the linking process again.

3. If the access token is valid, return and HTTP 200 response with the following JSON object in the body of the HTTPS response:

   {
   "sub": "USER_UUID",
   "email": "EMAIL_ADDRESS",
   "given_name": "FIRST_NAME",
   "family_name": "LAST_NAME",
   "name": "FULL_NAME",
   "picture": "PROFILE_PICTURE",
   }
   

   If your userinfo endpoint returns an HTTP 200 success response, the retrieved token and claims are registered against the user's Google account.

   userinfo endpoint response
   sub	A unique ID that identifies the user in your system.
   email	Email address of the user.
   given_name	Optional: First name of the user.
   family_name	Optional: Last name of the user.
   name	Optional: Full name of the user.
   picture	Optional: Profile picture of the user.

验证您的实现

您可以通过使用验证实现的OAuth 2.0游乐场工具。

在工具中，执行以下步骤：

1. 单击配置打开的OAuth 2.0配置窗口。
2. 在OAuth流场中，选择客户端。
3. 在OAuth端点字段中，选择自定义。
4. 在相应字段中指定您的 OAuth 2.0 端点和您分配给 Google 的客户端 ID。
5. 在步骤1部分，不要选择任何谷歌范围。相反，将此字段留空或键入对您的服务器有效的范围（如果不使用 OAuth 范围，则输入任意字符串）。当您完成后，单击授权的API。
6. 在步骤2和步骤3段，完成OAuth 2.0流程和验证每个步骤按预期工作。

您可以通过验证您的实现谷歌帐户链接演示工具。

在工具中，执行以下步骤：

1. 点击登录在与谷歌按钮。
2. 选择您要关联的帐户。
3. 输入服务标识。
4. （可选）输入您将请求访问的一个或多个范围。
5. 单击开始演示。
6. 出现提示时，确认您可以同意并拒绝链接请求。
7. 确认您被重定向到您的平台。