الربط السلس باستخدام OAuth وتسجيل الدخول بحساب Google

نظرة عامة

تضيف الربط السلس لتسجيل الدخول باستخدام OAuth إلى Google تسجيل الدخول إلى ربط OAuth: ويوفر هذا تجربة ربط سلسة مستخدمي Google، وتمكّنهم أيضًا من إنشاء الحسابات، ما يتيح للمستخدم إنشاء حساب جديد على خدمتك باستخدام حسابه على Google.

لإجراء عملية ربط للحساب باستخدام OAuth وتسجيل الدخول باستخدام حساب Google، يُرجى اتّباع الخطوات التالية الخطوات:

1. أولاً، اطلب من المستخدم منح موافقته على الوصول إلى ملفه الشخصي في Google.
2. استخدِم المعلومات الواردة في الملف الشخصي للتحقّق من توفُّر حساب المستخدم.
3. وبالنسبة إلى المستخدمين الحاليين، يمكنك ربط الحسابات.
4. إذا لم تتمكن من العثور على مطابقة لمستخدم Google في نظام المصادقة لديك، والتحقق من صحة رمز المعرّف الذي تم استلامه من Google. يمكنك بعد ذلك إنشاء حساب مستخدم استنادًا إلى على معلومات الملف الشخصي المضمنة في الرمز المميز للمعرف.

الشكل 1. ربط الحساب على هاتف المستخدم باستخدام ميزة "الربط المبسّط"

متطلبات الربط المبسّط

• نفِّذ مسار ربط OAuth على الويب. يجب أن تتوافق خدمتك مع OAuth 2.0. نقاط نهاية التفويض وتبادل الرمز المميز.
• يجب أن تتوافق نقطة نهاية تبادل الرموز المميّزة مع تأكيدات رمز JSON المميّز للويب (JWT) وتنفيذ الأغراض على check وcreate وget.

ملاحظة: يجب تنفيذ هذه الأغراض في نقطة نهاية تبادل الرمز المميّز نفسها التي أنشأتها في مسار ربط OAuth على الويب الأساسي. لا تنشئ نقطة نهاية مختلفة للتعامل مع هذه الأهداف.

• سجِّل معرِّف عميل Google API.

تنفيذ خادم OAuth

يجب أن تتوافق نقطة نهاية تبادل الرمز المميّز مع أهداف check أو create أو get. يوضِّح ما يلي الخطوات المكتملة من خلال عملية ربط الحساب، ويشير إلى وقت استدعاء الأهداف المختلفة:

1. هل لدى المستخدم حساب في نظام المصادقة لديك؟ (يختار المستخدم "نعم" أو "لا")
   1. نعم : هل يستخدم المستخدم البريد الإلكتروني المرتبط بحسابه على Google لتسجيل الدخول إلى منصتك؟ (يختار المستخدم "نعم" أو "لا")
      1. نعم : هل لدى المستخدم حساب مطابق في نظام المصادقة لديك؟ (يتم استدعاء check intent للتأكيد)
         1. نعم : يتمّ الاتصال بـ get intent وربط الحساب في حال إرجاع intent بنجاح.
         2. لا : هل تريد إنشاء حساب جديد؟ (يختار المستخدم "نعم" أو "لا")
            1. نعم : يتمّ الاتصال بـ create intent وربط الحساب في حال إرجاع intent بنجاح.
            2. لا : يتم بدء مسار OAuth على الويب، ويتم توجيه المستخدم إلى المتصفّح، ويُتاح للمستخدم خيار الربط بعنوان بريد إلكتروني مختلف.
      2. لا : يتم تشغيل مسار OAuth على الويب، ويتم توجيه المستخدم إلى المتصفّح، ويُتاح للمستخدم خيار الربط بعنوان بريد إلكتروني مختلف.
   2. لا : هل لدى المستخدم حساب مطابق في نظام المصادقة لديك؟ (يتم استدعاء check intent للتأكيد)
      1. نعم : يتمّ الاتصال بـ get intent وربط الحساب في حال إرجاع intent بنجاح.
      2. لا : يتم استدعاء create intent وربط الحساب في حال إرجاع نية الشراء بنجاح.

Check for an existing user account (check intent)

After the user gives consent to access their Google profile, Google sends a request that contains a signed assertion of the Google user's identity. The assertion contains information that includes the user's Google Account ID, name, and email address. The token exchange endpoint configured for your project handles that request.

If the corresponding Google account is already present in your authentication system, your token exchange endpoint responds with account_found=true. If the Google account doesn't match an existing user, your token exchange endpoint returns an HTTP 404 Not Found error with account_found=false.

The request has the following form:

POST /token HTTP/1.1
Host: oauth2.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded

grant_type=urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:jwt-bearer&intent=check&assertion=JWT&scope=SCOPES&client_id=GOOGLE_CLIENT_ID&client_secret=GOOGLE_CLIENT_SECRET

Your token exchange endpoint must be able to handle the following parameters:

Token endpoint parameters
intent	For these requests, the value of this parameter is check.
grant_type	The type of token being exchanged. For these requests, this parameter has the value urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:jwt-bearer.
assertion	A JSON Web Token (JWT) that provides a signed assertion of the Google user's identity. The JWT contains information that includes the user's Google Account ID, name, and email address.
client_id	The client ID you assigned to Google.
client_secret	The client secret you assigned to Google.

To respond to the check intent requests, your token exchange endpoint must perform the following steps:

• Validate and decode the JWT assertion.
• Check if the Google account is already present in your authentication system.

Validate and decode the JWT assertion

You can validate and decode the JWT assertion by using a JWT-decoding library for your language. Use Google's public keys, available in JWK or PEM formats, to verify the token's signature.

When decoded, the JWT assertion looks like the following example:

{
  "sub": "1234567890",      // The unique ID of the user's Google Account
  "iss": "https://accounts.google.com",        // The assertion's issuer
  "aud": "123-abc.apps.googleusercontent.com", // Your server's client ID
  "iat": 233366400,         // Unix timestamp of the assertion's creation time
  "exp": 233370000,         // Unix timestamp of the assertion's expiration time
  "name": "Jan Jansen",
  "given_name": "Jan",
  "family_name": "Jansen",
  "email": "[e-mail]", // If present, the user's email address
  "email_verified": true,   // true, if Google has verified the email address
  "hd": "example.com",      // If present, the host domain of the user's GSuite email address
                            // If present, a URL to user's profile picture
  "picture": "https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/a-/AOh14GjlTnZKHAeb94A-FmEbwZv7uJD986VOF1mJGb2YYQ",
  "locale": "en_US"         // User's locale, from browser or phone settings
}

In addition to verifying the token's signature, verify that the assertion's issuer (iss field) is https://accounts.google.com, that the audience (aud field) is your assigned client ID, and that the token has not expired (exp field).

Using the email, email_verified and hd fields you can determine if Google hosts and is authoritative for an email address. In cases where Google is authoritative the user is currently known to be the legitimate account owner and you may skip password or other challenges methods. Otherwise, these methods can be used to verify the account prior to linking.

Cases where Google is authoritative:

• email has a @gmail.com suffix, this is a Gmail account.
• email_verified is true and hd is set, this is a G Suite account.

Users may register for Google Accounts without using Gmail or G Suite. When email does not contain a @gmail.com suffix and hd is absent Google is not authoritative and password or other challenge methods are recommended to verify the user. email_verified can also be true as Google initially verified the user when the Google account was created, however ownership of the third party email account may have since changed.

Check if the Google account is already present in your authentication system

Check whether either of the following conditions are true:

• The Google Account ID, found in the assertion's sub field, is in your user database.
• The email address in the assertion matches a user in your user database.

If either condition is true, the user has already signed up. In that case, return a response like the following:

HTTP/1.1 200 Success
Content-Type: application/json;charset=UTF-8

{
  "account_found":"true",
}

If neither the Google Account ID nor the email address specified in the assertion matches a user in your database, the user hasn't signed up yet. In this case, your token exchange endpoint needs to reply with a HTTP 404 error that specifies "account_found": "false", as in the following example:

HTTP/1.1 404 Not found
Content-Type: application/json;charset=UTF-8

{
  "account_found":"false",
}

Handle automatic linking (get intent)

After the user gives consent to access their Google profile, Google sends a request that contains a signed assertion of the Google user's identity. The assertion contains information that includes the user's Google Account ID, name, and email address. The token exchange endpoint configured for your project handles that request.

If the corresponding Google Account is already present in your authentication system, your token exchange endpoint returns a token for the user. If the Google Account doesn't match an existing user, your token exchange endpoint returns a linking_error error and optional login_hint.

The request has the following form:

POST /token HTTP/1.1
Host: oauth2.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded

grant_type=urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:jwt-bearer&intent=get&assertion=JWT&scope=SCOPES&client_id=GOOGLE_CLIENT_ID&client_secret=GOOGLE_CLIENT_SECRET

Your token exchange endpoint must be able to handle the following parameters:

Token endpoint parameters
intent	For these requests, the value of this parameter is get.
grant_type	The type of token being exchanged. For these requests, this parameter has the value urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:jwt-bearer.
assertion	A JSON Web Token (JWT) that provides a signed assertion of the Google user's identity. The JWT contains information that includes the user's Google Account ID, name, and email address.
scope	Optional: Any scopes that you've configured Google to request from users.
client_id	The client ID you assigned to Google.
client_secret	The client secret you assigned to Google.

To respond to the get intent requests, your token exchange endpoint must perform the following steps:

• Validate and decode the JWT assertion.
• Check if the Google account is already present in your authentication system.

Validate and decode the JWT assertion

You can validate and decode the JWT assertion by using a JWT-decoding library for your language. Use Google's public keys, available in JWK or PEM formats, to verify the token's signature.

When decoded, the JWT assertion looks like the following example:

{
  "sub": "1234567890",      // The unique ID of the user's Google Account
  "iss": "https://accounts.google.com",        // The assertion's issuer
  "aud": "123-abc.apps.googleusercontent.com", // Your server's client ID
  "iat": 233366400,         // Unix timestamp of the assertion's creation time
  "exp": 233370000,         // Unix timestamp of the assertion's expiration time
  "name": "Jan Jansen",
  "given_name": "Jan",
  "family_name": "Jansen",
  "email": "[e-mail]", // If present, the user's email address
  "email_verified": true,   // true, if Google has verified the email address
  "hd": "example.com",      // If present, the host domain of the user's GSuite email address
                            // If present, a URL to user's profile picture
  "picture": "https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/a-/AOh14GjlTnZKHAeb94A-FmEbwZv7uJD986VOF1mJGb2YYQ",
  "locale": "en_US"         // User's locale, from browser or phone settings
}

In addition to verifying the token's signature, verify that the assertion's issuer (iss field) is https://accounts.google.com, that the audience (aud field) is your assigned client ID, and that the token has not expired (exp field).

Using the email, email_verified and hd fields you can determine if Google hosts and is authoritative for an email address. In cases where Google is authoritative the user is currently known to be the legitimate account owner and you may skip password or other challenges methods. Otherwise, these methods can be used to verify the account prior to linking.

Cases where Google is authoritative:

• email has a @gmail.com suffix, this is a Gmail account.
• email_verified is true and hd is set, this is a G Suite account.

Users may register for Google Accounts without using Gmail or G Suite. When email does not contain a @gmail.com suffix and hd is absent Google is not authoritative and password or other challenge methods are recommended to verify the user. email_verified can also be true as Google initially verified the user when the Google account was created, however ownership of the third party email account may have since changed.

Check if the Google account is already present in your authentication system

Check whether either of the following conditions are true:

• The Google Account ID, found in the assertion's sub field, is in your user database.
• The email address in the assertion matches a user in your user database.

If an account is found for the user, issue an access token and return the values in a JSON object in the body of your HTTPS response, like in the following example:

{
  "token_type": "Bearer",
  "access_token": "ACCESS_TOKEN",

  "refresh_token": "REFRESH_TOKEN",

  "expires_in": SECONDS_TO_EXPIRATION
}

In some cases, account linking based on ID token might fail for the user. If it does so for any reason, your token exchange endpoint needs to reply with a HTTP 401 error that specifies error=linking_error, as the following example shows:

HTTP/1.1 401 Unauthorized
Content-Type: application/json;charset=UTF-8

{
  "error":"linking_error",
  "login_hint":"[e-mail]"
}

When Google receives a 401 error response with linking_error, Google sends the user to your authorization endpoint with login_hint as a parameter. The user completes account linking using the OAuth linking flow in their browser.

Handle account creation via Google Sign-In (create intent)

When a user needs to create an account on your service, Google makes a request to your token exchange endpoint that specifies intent=create.

The request has the following form:

POST /token HTTP/1.1
Host: oauth2.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded

response_type=token&grant_type=urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:jwt-bearer&scope=SCOPES&intent=create&assertion=JWT&client_id=GOOGLE_CLIENT_ID&client_secret=GOOGLE_CLIENT_SECRET

Your token exchange endpoint must able to handle the following parameters:

Token endpoint parameters
intent	For these requests, the value of this parameter is create.
grant_type	The type of token being exchanged. For these requests, this parameter has the value urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:jwt-bearer.
assertion	A JSON Web Token (JWT) that provides a signed assertion of the Google user's identity. The JWT contains information that includes the user's Google Account ID, name, and email address.
client_id	The client ID you assigned to Google.
client_secret	The client secret you assigned to Google.

The JWT within the assertion parameter contains the user's Google Account ID, name, and email address, which you can use to create a new account on your service.

To respond to the create intent requests, your token exchange endpoint must perform the following steps:

• Validate and decode the JWT assertion.
• Validate user information and create new account.

Validate and decode the JWT assertion

You can validate and decode the JWT assertion by using a JWT-decoding library for your language. Use Google's public keys, available in JWK or PEM formats, to verify the token's signature.

When decoded, the JWT assertion looks like the following example:

{
  "sub": "1234567890",      // The unique ID of the user's Google Account
  "iss": "https://accounts.google.com",        // The assertion's issuer
  "aud": "123-abc.apps.googleusercontent.com", // Your server's client ID
  "iat": 233366400,         // Unix timestamp of the assertion's creation time
  "exp": 233370000,         // Unix timestamp of the assertion's expiration time
  "name": "Jan Jansen",
  "given_name": "Jan",
  "family_name": "Jansen",
  "email": "[e-mail]", // If present, the user's email address
  "email_verified": true,   // true, if Google has verified the email address
  "hd": "example.com",      // If present, the host domain of the user's GSuite email address
                            // If present, a URL to user's profile picture
  "picture": "https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/a-/AOh14GjlTnZKHAeb94A-FmEbwZv7uJD986VOF1mJGb2YYQ",
  "locale": "en_US"         // User's locale, from browser or phone settings
}

In addition to verifying the token's signature, verify that the assertion's issuer (iss field) is https://accounts.google.com, that the audience (aud field) is your assigned client ID, and that the token has not expired (exp field).

Using the email, email_verified and hd fields you can determine if Google hosts and is authoritative for an email address. In cases where Google is authoritative the user is currently known to be the legitimate account owner and you may skip password or other challenges methods. Otherwise, these methods can be used to verify the account prior to linking.

Cases where Google is authoritative:

• email has a @gmail.com suffix, this is a Gmail account.
• email_verified is true and hd is set, this is a G Suite account.

Users may register for Google Accounts without using Gmail or G Suite. When email does not contain a @gmail.com suffix and hd is absent Google is not authoritative and password or other challenge methods are recommended to verify the user. email_verified can also be true as Google initially verified the user when the Google account was created, however ownership of the third party email account may have since changed.

Validate user information and create new account

Check whether either of the following conditions are true:

• The Google Account ID, found in the assertion's sub field, is in your user database.
• The email address in the assertion matches a user in your user database.

If either condition is true, prompt the user to link their existing account with their Google Account. To do so, respond to the request with an HTTP 401 error that specifies error=linking_error and gives the user's email address as the login_hint. The following is a sample response:

HTTP/1.1 401 Unauthorized
Content-Type: application/json;charset=UTF-8

{
  "error":"linking_error",
  "login_hint":"[e-mail]"
}

When Google receives a 401 error response with linking_error, Google sends the user to your authorization endpoint with login_hint as a parameter. The user completes account linking using the OAuth linking flow in their browser.

If neither condition is true, create a new user account with the information provided in the JWT. New accounts don't typically have a password set. It's recommended that you add Google Sign-In to other platforms to enable users to log in with Google across the surfaces of your application. Alternatively, you can email the user a link that starts your password recovery flow to allow the user to set a password to sign in on other platforms.

When the creation is completed, issue an access token and refresh token and return the values in a JSON object in the body of your HTTPS response, like in the following example:

{
  "token_type": "Bearer",
  "access_token": "ACCESS_TOKEN",

  "refresh_token": "REFRESH_TOKEN",

  "expires_in": SECONDS_TO_EXPIRATION
}

الحصول على معرّف عميل Google API

سيُطلب منك تقديم معرّف العميل في Google API أثناء عملية التسجيل لربط الحساب.

للحصول على معرِّف عميل واجهة برمجة التطبيقات باستخدام المشروع الذي أنشأته أثناء إكمال خطوات ربط OAuth. للقيام بذلك، أكمل الخطوات التالية:

1. افتح صفحة بيانات الاعتماد في وحدة تحكّم Google API:

2. أنشِئ مشروعًا في Google APIs أو اختَره.

   إذا لم يكن مشروعك يتضمن معرِّف عميل لنوع تطبيق الويب، فانقر على إنشاء بيانات الاعتماد > معرِّف عميل OAuth لإنشاء معرِّف. تأكد من تضمين نطاق موقعك الإلكتروني في مربّع مصادر JavaScript المعتمَدة. عند إجراء اختبار محلي أو تطوير، يجب إضافة كل من http://localhost http://localhost:<port_number> في حقل مصادر JavaScript المعتمَدة

   نقطة رئيسية: إضافة كل من http://localhost وhttp://localhost:<port_number> إلى حقل مصادر JavaScript المعتمَدة لإجراء الاختبارات المحلية أو لتطوير البرامج.

   ملاحظة: يظهر رقم تعريف العميل على النحو التالي:

   1234567890-abc123def456.apps.googleusercontent.com
   

التحقّق من صحة عملية التنفيذ

您可以使用 OAuth 2.0 Playground 工具验证您的实现。

在该工具中，执行以下步骤：

1. 点击配置 以打开 OAuth 2.0 配置窗口。
2. 在 OAuth flow 字段中，选择 Client-side（客户端）。
3. 在 OAuth 端点字段中，选择自定义。
4. 在相应字段中指定您的 OAuth 2.0 端点和您分配给 Google 的客户端 ID。
5. 在第 1 步部分，不要选择任何 Google 范围。请将此字段留空或输入对服务器有效的范围（如果您不使用 OAuth 范围，则可以输入任意字符串）。完成后，点击授权 API。
6. 在 Step 2 和 Step 3 部分中，完成 OAuth 2.0 流程，并验证每个步骤是否按预期运行。

您可以使用 Google 账号关联演示版工具验证您的实现。

在该工具中，执行以下步骤：

1. 点击使用 Google 账号登录按钮。
2. 选择您要关联的账号。
3. 输入服务 ID。
4. （可选）输入您要请求访问权限的一个或多个范围。
5. 点击开始演示。
6. 当系统提示时，请确认您同意或拒绝关联请求。
7. 确认您已被重定向到您的平台。