通过基于 OAuth 的 Google 登录“简化”关联实现帐号关联

如果使用基于 OAuth 的 Google 登录“精简”关联类型，则会在基于 OAuth 的帐号关联之前添加 Google 登录。这样可以为 Google 用户提供基于语音的无缝关联，同时还可以为使用非 Google 身份注册服务的用户启用帐号关联。

此关联类型以 Google 登录开头，可让您检查您的系统中是否存在用户的 Google 个人资料信息。如果未在系统中找到用户的信息，即会开始标准 OAuth 流程。用户也可以选择使用其 Google 个人资料信息创建新帐号。

图 1：您的 Action 获得用户的 Google 个人资料的访问权限后，您可以使用它在您的身份验证系统中查找该用户的匹配项。

如需使用精简关联类型执行帐号关联，请按以下常规步骤操作：

1. 首先，请用户同意访问其 Google 个人资料。
2. 使用其个人资料中的信息来识别用户。
3. 如果您在身份验证系统中找不到 Google 用户匹配项，流程会继续，具体取决于您是在 Actions 控制台中将 Actions 项目配置为允许通过语音创建用户帐号，还是仅允许在您的网站上创建用户帐号。
   • 如果您允许通过语音创建帐号，请验证从 Google 收到的 ID 令牌。然后，您可以根据 ID 令牌中包含的个人资料信息创建用户。
   • 如果您不允许通过语音创建帐号，用户会被转移到浏览器，他们可以在其中加载您的授权页面并完成用户创建流程。

图 2. 在您的系统找不到用户信息时，OAuth 和 Google 登录流程的直观表示。

支持通过语音创建账号

如果您允许通过语音创建用户帐号，Google 助理会询问用户是否想要执行以下操作：

• 使用 Google 帐号信息在您的系统上创建一个新帐号，或
• 如果用户已有非 Google 帐号，请使用其他帐号登录您的身份验证系统。

如果您想尽可能减少帐号创建流程的麻烦，建议允许通过语音创建帐号。用户只有在想使用现有的非 Google 帐号登录时，才需要退出语音流程。

禁止通过语音创建账号

如果您禁止通过语音创建用户帐号，Google 助理会打开您为进行用户身份验证而提供的网站的网址。如果互动发生在没有屏幕的设备上，Google 助理会将用户定向到手机，以继续完成账号关联流程。

在以下情况下，建议禁止创建：

• 您不希望允许拥有非 Google 帐号的用户创建新的用户帐号，并希望他们与您的身份验证系统中的现有用户帐号相关联。例如，如果您提供会员回馈活动，则可能需要确保用户不会失去现有帐号累积的积分。

• 您需要完全控制帐号创建流程。例如，如果您需要在创建帐号时向用户显示服务条款，可以禁止创建帐号。

注意 ：请选择以下某个流程选项，详细了解如何实现所选流程。如果需要，系统会重新加载指南内容以适应您的选择。

允许通过语音创建账号 禁止通过语音创建账号

实现基于 OAuth 的 Google 登录“简化”链接

帐号与业界标准 OAuth 2.0 流程相关联。 Actions on Google 支持隐式和授权代码流程。

注意 ：如果您要实现帐号关联来处理财务信息，请注意，您的 Action 可能还需要遵循其他政策。我们最多可能需要 6 周时间来审核包含帐号关联帐号的 Action，以获取财务信息，因此在规划发布时间表时请将这段时间考虑在内。为简化审核流程，请确保在提交 Action 以供审核之前遵守金融服务政策。

In the implicit code flow, Google opens your authorization endpoint in the user's browser. After successful sign in, you return a long-lived access token to Google. This access token is now included in every request sent from the Assistant to your Action.

In the authorization code flow, you need two endpoints:

• The authorization endpoint, which is responsible for presenting the sign-in UI to your users that aren't already signed in and recording consent to the requested access in the form of a short-lived authorization code.
• The token exchange endpoint, which is responsible for two types of exchanges:
  1. Exchanges an authorization code for a long-lived refresh token and a short-lived access token. This exchange happens when the user goes through the account linking flow.
  2. Exchanges a long-lived refresh token for a short-lived access token. This exchange happens when Google needs a new access token because the one it had expired.

Although the implicit code flow is simpler to implement, Google recommends that access tokens issued using the implicit flow never expire, because using token expiration with the implicit flow forces the user to link their account again. If you need token expiration for security reasons, you should strongly consider using the auth code flow instead.

Note: Please choose which OAuth 2.0 flow you want to implement. If needed, the content of this guide reloads to adapt to your choice.

Auth code Implicit flow

配置项目

如需将项目配置为使用简化型关联，请按以下步骤操作：

1. 打开 Actions 控制台，然后选择您要使用的项目。
2. 点击 Develop 标签页，然后选择 Account linking。
3. 启用帐号关联旁边的开关。
4. 在帐号创建部分，选择是。

5. 在关联类型中，依次选择 OAuth 和 Google 登录和隐式。

   

6. 在 Client Information（客户信息）中，执行以下操作：

   • 为您的 Actions 向 Google 发出的客户端 ID 分配一个值，以标识来自 Google 的请求。
   • 插入授权端点和令牌交换端点的网址。

7. 点击保存。

实现 OAuth 服务器

To support the OAuth 2.0 implicit flow, your service makes an authorization endpoint available by HTTPS. This endpoint is responsible for authenticating and obtaining consent from users for data access. The authorization endpoint presents a sign-in UI to your users that aren't already signed in and records consent to the requested access.

When your Action needs to call one of your service's authorized APIs, Google uses this endpoint to get permission from your users to call these APIs on their behalf.

A typical OAuth 2.0 implicit flow session initiated by Google has the following flow:

1. Google opens your authorization endpoint in the user's browser. The user signs in if not signed in already, and grants Google permission to access their data with your API if they haven't already granted permission.
2. Your service creates an access token and returns it to Google by redirecting the user's browser back to Google with the access token attached to the request.
3. Google calls your service's APIs, and attaches the access token with each request. Your service verifies that the access token grants Google authorization to access the API and then completes the API call.

Handle authorization requests

When your Action needs to perform account linking via an OAuth 2.0 implicit flow, Google sends the user to your authorization endpoint with a request that includes the following parameters:

Authorization endpoint parameters
client_id	The client ID you assigned to Google.
redirect_uri	The URL to which you send the response to this request.
state	A bookkeeping value that is passed back to Google unchanged in the redirect URI.
response_type	The type of value to return in the response. For the OAuth 2.0 implicit flow, the response type is always token.

For example, if your authorization endpoint is available at https://myservice.example.com/auth, a request might look like:

GET https://myservice.example.com/auth?client_id=GOOGLE_CLIENT_ID&redirect_uri=REDIRECT_URI&state=STATE_STRING&response_type=token

For your authorization endpoint to handle sign-in requests, do the following steps:

1. Verify the client_id and redirect_uri values to prevent granting access to unintended or misconfigured client apps:

   • Confirm that the client_id matches the client ID you assigned to Google.
   • Confirm that the URL specified by the redirect_uri parameter has the following form:

     https://oauth-redirect.googleusercontent.com/r/YOUR_PROJECT_ID

     YOUR_PROJECT_ID is the ID found on the Project settings page of the Actions Console.

2. Check if the user is signed in to your service. If the user isn't signed in, complete your service's sign-in or sign-up flow.

3. Generate an access token that Google will use to access your API. The access token can be any string value, but it must uniquely represent the user and the client the token is for and must not be guessable.

4. Send an HTTP response that redirects the user's browser to the URL specified by the redirect_uri parameter. Include all of the following parameters in the URL fragment:

   • access_token: the access token you just generated
   • token_type: the string bearer
   • state: the unmodified state value from the original request The following is an example of the resulting URL:

     https://oauth-redirect.googleusercontent.com/r/YOUR_PROJECT_ID#access_token=ACCESS_TOKEN&token_type=bearer&state=STATE_STRING

Google's OAuth 2.0 redirect handler will receive the access token and confirm that the state value hasn't changed. After Google has obtained an access token for your service, Google will attach the token to subsequent calls to your Action as part of the AppRequest.

Handle automatic linking

After the user gives your Action consent to access their Google profile, Google sends a request that contains a signed assertion of the Google user's identity. The assertion contains information that includes the user's Google Account ID, name, and email address. The token exchange endpoint configured for your project handles that request.

If the corresponding Google account is already present in your authentication system, your token exchange endpoint returns a token for the user. If the Google account doesn't match an existing user, your token exchange endpoint returns a user_not_found error.

The request has the following form:

POST /token HTTP/1.1
Host: oauth2.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded

grant_type=urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:jwt-bearer&intent=get&assertion=JWT&consent_code=CONSENT_CODE&scope=SCOPES

Your token exchange endpoint must be able to handle the following parameters:

Token endpoint parameters
grant_type	The type of token being exchanged. For these requests, this parameter has the value urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:jwt-bearer.
intent	For these requests, the value of this parameter is `get`.
assertion	A JSON Web Token (JWT) that provides a signed assertion of the Google user's identity. The JWT contains information that includes the user's Google Account ID, name, and email address.
consent_code	Optional: When present, a one-time code that indicates that the user has granted consent for your Action to access the specified scopes.
scope	Optional: Any scopes you configured Google to request from users.

When your token exchange endpoint receives the linking request, it should do the following:

Validate and decode the JWT assertion

You can validate and decode the JWT assertion by using a JWT-decoding library for your language. Use Google's public keys (available in JWK or PEM format) to verify the token's signature.

Note: The keys should not be hardcoded. Instead, follow OpenID connect discovery protocol and check the cache-control header to decide how long the key should be cached.

When decoded, the JWT assertion looks like the following example:

{
  "sub": 1234567890,        // The unique ID of the user's Google Account
  "iss": "https://accounts.google.com",        // The assertion's issuer
  "aud": "123-abc.apps.googleusercontent.com", // Your server's client ID
  "iat": 233366400,         // Unix timestamp of the assertion's creation time
  "exp": 233370000,         // Unix timestamp of the assertion's expiration time
  "name": "Jan Jansen",
  "given_name": "Jan",
  "family_name": "Jansen",
  "email": "[e-mail]", // If present, the user's email address
  "locale": "en_US"
}

In addition to verifying the token's signature, verify that the assertion's issuer (iss field) is https://accounts.google.com and that the audience (aud field) is the client ID assigned to your Action.

Check if the Google account is already present in your authentication system

Check whether either of the following conditions are true:

• The Google Account ID, found in the assertion's sub field, is in your user database.
• The email address in the assertion matches a user in your user database.

If either condition is true, the user has already signed up and you can issue an access token.

If neither the Google Account ID nor the email address specified in the assertion matches a user in your database, the user hasn't signed up yet. In this case, your token exchange endpoint should reply with a HTTP 401 error, that specifies error=user_not_found, as in the following example:

HTTP/1.1 401 Unauthorized
Content-Type: application/json;charset=UTF-8

{
  "error":"user_not_found",
}

When Google receives the 401 error response with a user_not_found error, Google calls your token exchange endpoint with the value of the intent parameter set to create and sending an ID token that contains the user's profile information with the request.

通过 Google 登录功能处理账号创建

当用户需要在您的服务中创建账号时，Google 会 向令牌交换端点发送的请求 intent=create，如以下示例所示：

POST /token HTTP/1.1
Host: oauth2.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded

response_type=token&grant_type=urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:jwt-bearer&scope=SCOPES&intent=create&consent_code=CONSENT_CODE&assertion=JWT[&NEW_ACCOUNT_INFO]

assertion 参数包含 JSON Web 令牌 (JWT)，可提供 Google 用户的身份的已签名断言。JWT 包含 其中包含用户的 Google 账号 ID、姓名和电子邮件地址 为您的服务创建一个新账号。

如需响应账号创建请求，您的令牌交换端点必须执行以下操作 以下：

Validate and decode the JWT assertion

You can validate and decode the JWT assertion by using a JWT-decoding library for your language. Use Google's public keys (available in JWK or PEM format) to verify the token's signature.

Note: The keys should not be hardcoded. Instead, follow OpenID connect discovery protocol and check the cache-control header to decide how long the key should be cached.

When decoded, the JWT assertion looks like the following example:

{
  "sub": 1234567890,        // The unique ID of the user's Google Account
  "iss": "https://accounts.google.com",        // The assertion's issuer
  "aud": "123-abc.apps.googleusercontent.com", // Your server's client ID
  "iat": 233366400,         // Unix timestamp of the assertion's creation time
  "exp": 233370000,         // Unix timestamp of the assertion's expiration time
  "name": "Jan Jansen",
  "given_name": "Jan",
  "family_name": "Jansen",
  "email": "[e-mail]", // If present, the user's email address
  "locale": "en_US"
}

In addition to verifying the token's signature, verify that the assertion's issuer (iss field) is https://accounts.google.com and that the audience (aud field) is the client ID assigned to your Action.

验证用户信息并创建新账号

请检查以下任一条件是否成立：

• Google 账号 ID 可在断言的 sub 字段中找到，也可位于您的用户数据库中。
• 断言中的电子邮件地址与用户数据库中的用户匹配。

如果满足上述任一条件，则提示用户将其现有账号关联 通过使用 HTTP 401 错误响应请求 error=linking_error，并将用户的电子邮件地址为 login_hint，如 示例：

HTTP/1.1 401 Unauthorized
Content-Type: application/json;charset=UTF-8

{
  "error":"linking_error",
  "login_hint":"[e-mail]"
}

如果以上两个条件都不满足，请使用相应信息创建一个新的用户账号 。新账号通常不会设置密码。时间是 建议您将 Google 登录功能添加到其他平台，以便用户能够 在您的应用的各个界面上通过 Google 投放广告。或者，您也可以 通过电子邮件向用户发送链接，启动密码恢复流程，以便用户设置 密码，以便在其他平台上登录。

创建完成后，发出一个访问令牌 并在 HTTPS 响应的正文，如以下示例所示：

{
  "token_type": "Bearer",
  "access_token": "ACCESS_TOKEN",
  
  "expires_in": SECONDS_TO_EXPIRATION
}

为身份验证流程设计语音界面

警告：请勿在开始与您的 Action 对话时向用户提供必要的帐号关联提示。而应为未通过身份验证的用户提供访客流程来展示您的 Action 的运作方式，然后仅在必要的情况下才要求进行帐号关联。如果用户由于帐号关联问题总是离开相应 Action，Google 将不会主动推广相应 Action，这可能会减少该 Action 的用户流量。

注意 ：您必须使用 Actions Builder 构建可实现账号关联的 Action。

检查用户是否已通过验证，并启动账号关联流程

1. 在 Actions 控制台中打开您的 Actions Builder 项目。
2. 创建一个新场景，以开始在您的 Action 中关联帐号：
   1. 点击 Scenes。
   2. 点击添加 (+) 图标以添加新场景。
3. 在新创建的场景中，点击条件对应的添加 图标。
4. 添加一个条件，用于检查与对话关联的用户是否为经过验证的用户。如果检查失败，您的 Action 无法在对话期间执行帐号关联，而应回退以提供对不需要帐号关联的功能的访问权限。
   1. 在条件下的 Enter new expression 字段中，输入以下逻辑：user.verificationStatus != "VERIFIED"
   2. 在 Transition 下，选择不需要帐号关联的场景，或选择访客专享功能的入口点。

1. 点击条件对应的添加 图标。
2. 添加一个条件，以便在用户没有关联的身份时触发帐号关联流程。
   1. 在条件下的 Enter new expression 字段中，输入以下逻辑：user.verificationStatus == "VERIFIED"
   2. 在转换下，选择帐号关联系统场景。
   3. 点击保存。

保存后，系统会将一个名为 <SceneName>_AccountLinking 的新帐号关联系统场景添加到您的项目中。

自定义账号关联场景

1. 在 Scenes 下，选择帐号关联系统场景。
2. 点击发送提示并添加一小句话，向用户说明该 Action 为何需要访问其身份（例如“保存您的偏好设置”）。
3. 点击保存。

1. 在条件下，点击如果用户成功完成帐号关联。
2. 配置当用户同意关联其账号时该流程应如何处理。 例如，调用网络钩子以处理所需的任何自定义业务逻辑，并转换回原始场景。
3. 点击保存。

1. 在条件下方，点击如果用户取消或忽略帐号关联。
2. 配置如果用户不同意关联其帐号，相应流程应如何处理。例如，发送确认消息并重定向到提供无需进行帐号关联的功能的场景。
3. 点击保存。

1. 在条件下方，点击如果出现系统或网络错误。
2. 配置帐号关联流程因系统或网络错误而无法完成时应采取的流程。例如，发送确认消息并重定向到提供无需进行帐号关联的功能的场景。
3. 点击保存。

处理数据访问请求

如果 Google 助理请求包含访问令牌，请先检查访问令牌是否有效且未过期，然后从用户帐号数据库中检索与该令牌关联的用户帐号。