在服务器端验证 Google ID 令牌

Google 返回 ID 令牌后，会通过 HTTP POST 方法请求（参数名称为 credential）将其提交到您的登录端点。

以下是使用 Python 语言的示例，展示了验证和使用 ID 令牌的常规步骤：

验证跨站请求伪造 (CSRF) 令牌。当您向登录端点提交凭据时，我们会使用双重提交 Cookie 模式来防范 CSRF 攻击。在每次提交之前，我们都会生成一个令牌。然后，将令牌放入 Cookie 和 POST 正文中，如以下代码示例所示：

csrf_token_cookie = self.request.cookies.get('g_csrf_token')
if not csrf_token_cookie:
    webapp2.abort(400, 'No CSRF token in Cookie.')
csrf_token_body = self.request.get('g_csrf_token')
if not csrf_token_body:
    webapp2.abort(400, 'No CSRF token in post body.')
if csrf_token_cookie != csrf_token_body:
    webapp2.abort(400, 'Failed to verify double submit cookie.')

验证 ID 令牌。

To verify that the token is valid, ensure that the following criteria are satisfied:
- The ID token is properly signed by Google. Use Google's public keys (available in JWK or PEM format) to verify the token's signature. These keys are regularly rotated; examine the Cache-Control header in the response to determine when you should retrieve them again.
- The value of aud in the ID token is equal to one of your app's client IDs. This check is necessary to prevent ID tokens issued to a malicious app being used to access data about the same user on your app's backend server.
- The value of iss in the ID token is equal to accounts.google.com or https://accounts.google.com.
- The expiry time (exp) of the ID token has not passed.
- If you need to validate that the ID token represents a Google Workspace or Cloud organization account, you can check the hd claim, which indicates the hosted domain of the user. This must be used when restricting access to a resource to only members of certain domains. The absence of this claim indicates that the account does not belong to a Google hosted domain.
Using the email, email_verified and hd fields, you can determine if Google hosts and is authoritative for an email address. In the cases where Google is authoritative, the user is known to be the legitimate account owner, and you may skip password or other challenge methods.

Cases where Google is authoritative:
- email has a @gmail.com suffix, this is a Gmail account.
- email_verified is true and hd is set, this is a G Suite account.
Users may register for Google Accounts without using Gmail or G Suite. When email does not contain a @gmail.com suffix and hd is absent, Google is not authoritative and password or other challenge methods are recommended to verify the user. email_verified can also be true as Google initially verified the user when the Google account was created, however ownership of the third party email account may have since changed.

Rather than writing your own code to perform these verification steps, we strongly recommend using a Google API client library for your platform, or a general-purpose JWT library. For development and debugging, you can call our tokeninfo validation endpoint.

使用 Google API 客户端库

使用某个 Google API 客户端库（例如 Java、 Node.js、 PHP、 Python）是在生产环境中验证 Google ID 令牌的推荐方法。
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Java

要在 Java 中验证 ID 令牌，请使用 GoogleIdTokenVerifier 对象。例如：
```
import com.google.api.client.googleapis.auth.oauth2.GoogleIdToken;
import com.google.api.client.googleapis.auth.oauth2.GoogleIdToken.Payload;
import com.google.api.client.googleapis.auth.oauth2.GoogleIdTokenVerifier;

...

GoogleIdTokenVerifier verifier = new GoogleIdTokenVerifier.Builder(transport, jsonFactory)
    // Specify the CLIENT_ID of the app that accesses the backend:
    .setAudience(Collections.singletonList(CLIENT_ID))
    // Or, if multiple clients access the backend:
    //.setAudience(Arrays.asList(CLIENT_ID_1, CLIENT_ID_2, CLIENT_ID_3))
    .build();

// (Receive idTokenString by HTTPS POST)

GoogleIdToken idToken = verifier.verify(idTokenString);
if (idToken != null) {
  Payload payload = idToken.getPayload();

  // Print user identifier
  String userId = payload.getSubject();
  System.out.println("User ID: " + userId);

  // Get profile information from payload
  String email = payload.getEmail();
  boolean emailVerified = Boolean.valueOf(payload.getEmailVerified());
  String name = (String) payload.get("name");
  String pictureUrl = (String) payload.get("picture");
  String locale = (String) payload.get("locale");
  String familyName = (String) payload.get("family_name");
  String givenName = (String) payload.get("given_name");

  // Use or store profile information
  // ...

} else {
  System.out.println("Invalid ID token.");
}
```
GoogleIdTokenVerifier.verify() 方法验证 JWT 签名、aud 声明、iss 声明以及 exp 项版权主张。

如果您需要验证 ID 令牌是否代表 Google Workspace 或 Cloud 组织账号，您可以通过检查域名来验证 hd 所有权声明由 Payload.getHostedDomain() 方法返回。该 email 声明不足以保证账号是由网域管理或组织。
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Node.js

要在 Node.js 中验证 ID 令牌，请使用适用于 Node.js 的 Google Auth 库。安装该库：
```
npm install google-auth-library --save
```
然后，调用 verifyIdToken() 函数。例如：
```
const {OAuth2Client} = require('google-auth-library');
const client = new OAuth2Client();
async function verify() {
  const ticket = await client.verifyIdToken({
      idToken: token,
      audience: CLIENT_ID,  // Specify the CLIENT_ID of the app that accesses the backend
      // Or, if multiple clients access the backend:
      //[CLIENT_ID_1, CLIENT_ID_2, CLIENT_ID_3]
  });
  const payload = ticket.getPayload();
  const userid = payload['sub'];
  // If the request specified a Google Workspace domain:
  // const domain = payload['hd'];
}
verify().catch(console.error);
```
verifyIdToken 函数用于验证 JWT 签名、aud 声明、exp 声明以及 iss 声明。

如果您需要验证 ID 令牌是否代表 Google Workspace 或 Cloud 组织账号时，您可以查看 hd 声明，该声明表示托管的用户的网域。将资源访问权限限制为仅允许成员访问时，必须使用此设置特定网域的用户缺少此声明即表示该账号不属于 Google 托管的域。
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PHP

要在 PHP 中验证 ID 令牌，请使用适用于 PHP 的 Google API 客户端库。安装该库（例如，使用 Composer）：
```
composer require google/apiclient
```
然后，调用 verifyIdToken() 函数。例如：
```
require_once 'vendor/autoload.php';

// Get $id_token via HTTPS POST.

$client = new Google_Client(['client_id' => $CLIENT_ID]);  // Specify the CLIENT_ID of the app that accesses the backend
$payload = $client->verifyIdToken($id_token);
if ($payload) {
  $userid = $payload['sub'];
  // If the request specified a Google Workspace domain
  //$domain = $payload['hd'];
} else {
  // Invalid ID token
}
```
verifyIdToken 函数用于验证 JWT 签名、aud 声明、exp 声明以及 iss 声明。

如果您需要验证 ID 令牌是否代表 Google Workspace 或 Cloud 组织账号时，您可以查看 hd 声明，该声明表示托管的用户的网域。将资源访问权限限制为仅允许成员访问时，必须使用此设置特定网域的用户缺少此声明即表示该账号不属于 Google 托管的域。
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Python

要在 Python 中验证 ID 令牌，请使用 verify_oauth2_token 函数。例如：
```
from google.oauth2 import id_token
from google.auth.transport import requests

# (Receive token by HTTPS POST)
# ...

try:
    # Specify the CLIENT_ID of the app that accesses the backend:
    idinfo = id_token.verify_oauth2_token(token, requests.Request(), CLIENT_ID)

    # Or, if multiple clients access the backend server:
    # idinfo = id_token.verify_oauth2_token(token, requests.Request())
    # if idinfo['aud'] not in [CLIENT_ID_1, CLIENT_ID_2, CLIENT_ID_3]:
    #     raise ValueError('Could not verify audience.')

    # If the request specified a Google Workspace domain
    # if idinfo['hd'] != DOMAIN_NAME:
    #     raise ValueError('Wrong domain name.')

    # ID token is valid. Get the user's Google Account ID from the decoded token.
    userid = idinfo['sub']
except ValueError:
    # Invalid token
    pass
```
verify_oauth2_token 函数验证 JWT 签名、aud 声明和 exp 声明。您还必须验证 hd 检查 verify_oauth2_token 返回。如果多个客户端访问后端服务器，另请手动验证 aud 声明。
要点：ID 令牌会在 credential 字段（而非 g_csrf_token 字段）中返回。
确认令牌有效后，您可以使用 Google ID 令牌中的信息来关联您网站的账号状态：
- 未注册的用户：您可以显示注册界面 (UI)，以便用户根据需要提供其他个人资料信息。它还允许用户静默创建新账号和已登录的用户会话。
- 您网站上已有的现有账号：您可以显示一个网页，让最终用户输入密码，并将旧账号与其 Google 凭据相关联。这将确认用户是否有权访问现有账号。
- 回访的联合用户：您可以静默登录用户。

在服务器端验证 Google ID 令牌

使用 Google API 客户端库