Sebaiknya gunakan primitif AEAD dengan jenis kunci AES128_GCM untuk sebagian besar kasus penggunaan enkripsi data.
Enkripsi yang Diautentikasi dengan Data Terkait (AEAD) adalah primitif yang paling sederhana dan sesuai untuk sebagian besar kasus penggunaan. AEAD memberikan kerahasiaan dan keaslian serta memastikan bahwa pesan selalu memiliki ciphertext yang berbeda (output terenkripsi) meskipun teks biasa (input untuk enkripsi) sama. Metode ini simetris, menggunakan satu kunci untuk enkripsi dan dekripsi.
Contoh berikut membantu Anda mulai menggunakan primitif AEAD:
C++
// A command-line utility for testing Tink AEAD.
#include <iostream>
#include <memory>
#include <ostream>
#include <string>
#include "absl/flags/flag.h"
#include "absl/flags/parse.h"
#include "absl/log/check.h"
#include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
#include "tink/aead.h"
#include "tink/aead/aead_config.h"
#include "tink/config/global_registry.h"
#include "util/util.h"
#include "tink/keyset_handle.h"
#include "tink/util/status.h"
ABSL_FLAG(std::string, keyset_filename, "", "Keyset file in JSON format");
ABSL_FLAG(std::string, mode, "", "Mode of operation {encrypt|decrypt}");
ABSL_FLAG(std::string, input_filename, "", "Filename to operate on");
ABSL_FLAG(std::string, output_filename, "", "Output file name");
ABSL_FLAG(std::string, associated_data, "",
"Associated data for AEAD (default: empty");
namespace {
using ::crypto::tink::Aead;
using ::crypto::tink::AeadConfig;
using ::crypto::tink::KeysetHandle;
using ::crypto::tink::util::Status;
using ::crypto::tink::util::StatusOr;
constexpr absl::string_view kEncrypt = "encrypt";
constexpr absl::string_view kDecrypt = "decrypt";
void ValidateParams() {
// ...
}
} // namespace
namespace tink_cc_examples {
// AEAD example CLI implementation.
Status AeadCli(absl::string_view mode, const std::string& keyset_filename,
const std::string& input_filename,
const std::string& output_filename,
absl::string_view associated_data) {
Status result = AeadConfig::Register();
if (!result.ok()) return result;
// Read the keyset from file.
StatusOr<std::unique_ptr<KeysetHandle>> keyset_handle =
ReadJsonCleartextKeyset(keyset_filename);
if (!keyset_handle.ok()) return keyset_handle.status();
// Get the primitive.
StatusOr<std::unique_ptr<Aead>> aead =
(*keyset_handle)
->GetPrimitive<crypto::tink::Aead>(
crypto::tink::ConfigGlobalRegistry());
if (!aead.ok()) return aead.status();
// Read the input.
StatusOr<std::string> input_file_content = ReadFile(input_filename);
if (!input_file_content.ok()) return input_file_content.status();
// Compute the output.
std::string output;
if (mode == kEncrypt) {
StatusOr<std::string> encrypt_result =
(*aead)->Encrypt(*input_file_content, associated_data);
if (!encrypt_result.ok()) return encrypt_result.status();
output = encrypt_result.value();
} else { // operation == kDecrypt.
StatusOr<std::string> decrypt_result =
(*aead)->Decrypt(*input_file_content, associated_data);
if (!decrypt_result.ok()) return decrypt_result.status();
output = decrypt_result.value();
}
// Write the output to the output file.
return WriteToFile(output, output_filename);
}
} // namespace tink_cc_examples
int main(int argc, char** argv) {
absl::ParseCommandLine(argc, argv);
ValidateParams();
std::string mode = absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_mode);
std::string keyset_filename = absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_keyset_filename);
std::string input_filename = absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_input_filename);
std::string output_filename = absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_output_filename);
std::string associated_data = absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_associated_data);
std::clog << "Using keyset from file " << keyset_filename << " to AEAD-"
<< mode << " file " << input_filename << " with associated data '"
<< associated_data << "'." << '\n';
std::clog << "The resulting output will be written to " << output_filename
<< '\n';
CHECK_OK(tink_cc_examples::AeadCli(mode, keyset_filename, input_filename,
output_filename, associated_data));
return 0;
}
Go
import (
"bytes"
"fmt"
"log"
"github.com/tink-crypto/tink-go/v2/aead"
"github.com/tink-crypto/tink-go/v2/insecurecleartextkeyset"
"github.com/tink-crypto/tink-go/v2/keyset"
)
func Example() {
// A keyset created with "tinkey create-keyset --key-template=AES256_GCM". Note
// that this keyset has the secret key information in cleartext.
jsonKeyset := `{
"key": [{
"keyData": {
"keyMaterialType":
"SYMMETRIC",
"typeUrl":
"type.googleapis.com/google.crypto.tink.AesGcmKey",
"value":
"GiBWyUfGgYk3RTRhj/LIUzSudIWlyjCftCOypTr0jCNSLg=="
},
"keyId": 294406504,
"outputPrefixType": "TINK",
"status": "ENABLED"
}],
"primaryKeyId": 294406504
}`
// Create a keyset handle from the cleartext keyset in the previous
// step. The keyset handle provides abstract access to the underlying keyset to
// limit the exposure of accessing the raw key material. WARNING: In practice,
// it is unlikely you will want to use a insecurecleartextkeyset, as it implies
// that your key material is passed in cleartext, which is a security risk.
// Consider encrypting it with a remote key in Cloud KMS, AWS KMS or HashiCorp Vault.
// See https://github.com/google/tink/blob/master/docs/GOLANG-HOWTO.md#storing-and-loading-existing-keysets.
keysetHandle, err := insecurecleartextkeyset.Read(
keyset.NewJSONReader(bytes.NewBufferString(jsonKeyset)))
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
// Retrieve the AEAD primitive we want to use from the keyset handle.
primitive, err := aead.New(keysetHandle)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
// Use the primitive to encrypt a message. In this case the primary key of the
// keyset will be used (which is also the only key in this example).
plaintext := []byte("message")
associatedData := []byte("associated data")
ciphertext, err := primitive.Encrypt(plaintext, associatedData)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
// Use the primitive to decrypt the message. Decrypt finds the correct key in
// the keyset and decrypts the ciphertext. If no key is found or decryption
// fails, it returns an error.
decrypted, err := primitive.Decrypt(ciphertext, associatedData)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
fmt.Println(string(decrypted))
// Output: message
}
Java
package aead;
import static java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets.UTF_8;
import com.google.crypto.tink.Aead;
import com.google.crypto.tink.InsecureSecretKeyAccess;
import com.google.crypto.tink.KeysetHandle;
import com.google.crypto.tink.TinkJsonProtoKeysetFormat;
import com.google.crypto.tink.aead.AeadConfig;
import java.nio.file.Files;
import java.nio.file.Path;
import java.nio.file.Paths;
/**
* A command-line utility for encrypting small files with AEAD.
*
* <p>It loads cleartext keys from disk - this is not recommended!
*
* <p>It requires the following arguments:
*
* <ul>
* <li>mode: Can be "encrypt" or "decrypt" to encrypt/decrypt the input to the output.
* <li>key-file: Read the key material from this file.
* <li>input-file: Read the input from this file.
* <li>output-file: Write the result to this file.
* <li>[optional] associated-data: Associated data used for the encryption or decryption.
*/
public final class AeadExample {
private static final String MODE_ENCRYPT = "encrypt";
private static final String MODE_DECRYPT = "decrypt";
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
if (args.length != 4 && args.length != 5) {
System.err.printf("Expected 4 or 5 parameters, got %d\n", args.length);
System.err.println(
"Usage: java AeadExample encrypt/decrypt key-file input-file output-file"
+ " [associated-data]");
System.exit(1);
}
String mode = args[0];
Path keyFile = Paths.get(args[1]);
Path inputFile = Paths.get(args[2]);
Path outputFile = Paths.get(args[3]);
byte[] associatedData = new byte[0];
if (args.length == 5) {
associatedData = args[4].getBytes(UTF_8);
}
// Register all AEAD key types with the Tink runtime.
AeadConfig.register();
// Read the keyset into a KeysetHandle.
KeysetHandle handle =
TinkJsonProtoKeysetFormat.parseKeyset(
new String(Files.readAllBytes(keyFile), UTF_8), InsecureSecretKeyAccess.get());
// Get the primitive.
Aead aead = handle.getPrimitive(Aead.class);
// Use the primitive to encrypt/decrypt files.
if (MODE_ENCRYPT.equals(mode)) {
byte[] plaintext = Files.readAllBytes(inputFile);
byte[] ciphertext = aead.encrypt(plaintext, associatedData);
Files.write(outputFile, ciphertext);
} else if (MODE_DECRYPT.equals(mode)) {
byte[] ciphertext = Files.readAllBytes(inputFile);
byte[] plaintext = aead.decrypt(ciphertext, associatedData);
Files.write(outputFile, plaintext);
} else {
System.err.println("The first argument must be either encrypt or decrypt, got: " + mode);
System.exit(1);
}
}
private AeadExample() {}
}
Obj-C
Python
import tink
from tink import aead
from tink import secret_key_access
def example():
"""Encrypt and decrypt using AEAD."""
# Register the AEAD key managers. This is needed to create an Aead primitive
# later.
aead.register()
# A keyset created with "tinkey create-keyset --key-template=AES256_GCM". Note
# that this keyset has the secret key information in cleartext.
keyset = r"""{
"key": [{
"keyData": {
"keyMaterialType":
"SYMMETRIC",
"typeUrl":
"type.googleapis.com/google.crypto.tink.AesGcmKey",
"value":
"GiBWyUfGgYk3RTRhj/LIUzSudIWlyjCftCOypTr0jCNSLg=="
},
"keyId": 294406504,
"outputPrefixType": "TINK",
"status": "ENABLED"
}],
"primaryKeyId": 294406504
}"""
# Create a keyset handle from the cleartext keyset in the previous
# step. The keyset handle provides abstract access to the underlying keyset to
# limit access of the raw key material. WARNING: In practice, it is unlikely
# you will want to use a cleartext_keyset_handle, as it implies that your key
# material is passed in cleartext, which is a security risk.
keyset_handle = tink.json_proto_keyset_format.parse(
keyset, secret_key_access.TOKEN
)
# Retrieve the Aead primitive we want to use from the keyset handle.
primitive = keyset_handle.primitive(aead.Aead)
# Use the primitive to encrypt a message. In this case the primary key of the
# keyset will be used (which is also the only key in this example).
ciphertext = primitive.encrypt(b'msg', b'associated_data')
# Use the primitive to decrypt the message. Decrypt finds the correct key in
# the keyset and decrypts the ciphertext. If no key is found or decryption
# fails, it raises an error.
output = primitive.decrypt(ciphertext, b'associated_data')
AEAD
Primitif Enkripsi yang Diautentikasi dengan Data Terkait (AEAD) adalah primitif yang paling umum untuk enkripsi data dan cocok untuk sebagian besar kebutuhan.
AEAD memiliki properti berikut:
- Kerahasiaan: Teks biasa tidak akan diketahui sama sekali, kecuali panjangnya.
- Keaslian: Teks biasa terenkripsi yang mendasari ciphertext tidak dapat diubah tanpa terdeteksi.
- Simetris: Mengenkripsi teks biasa dan mendekripsi ciphertext dilakukan dengan kunci yang sama.
- Pengacakan: Enkripsi diacak. Dua pesan dengan teks polos yang sama menghasilkan teks tersandi yang berbeda. Penyerang tidak dapat mengetahui teks cipher mana yang sesuai dengan teks polos. Jika Anda ingin menghindarinya, gunakan Deterministic AEAD.
Data terkait
AEAD dapat digunakan untuk mengikat ciphertext ke data
tertentu yang terkait. Misalkan Anda memiliki database dengan kolom user-id dan encrypted-medical-history. Dalam skenario ini, user-id dapat digunakan sebagai
data terkait saat mengenkripsi encrypted-medical-history. Hal ini mencegah
penyerang memindahkan histori medis dari satu pengguna ke pengguna lainnya.
Pilih jenis kunci
Meskipun kami merekomendasikan AES128_GCM untuk sebagian besar penggunaan, ada berbagai jenis kunci untuk kebutuhan yang berbeda (untuk keamanan 256-bit, ganti AES128 dengan AES256 di bawah). Umumnya:
- AES128_CTR_HMAC_SHA256 dengan Initialization Vector (IV) 16 byte adalah mode paling konservatif dengan batas yang baik.
- AES128_EAX sedikit kurang konservatif dan sedikit lebih cepat daripada AES128_CTR_HMAC_SHA256.
- AES128_GCM biasanya merupakan mode tercepat, dengan batas paling ketat pada jumlah pesan dan ukuran pesan. Ketika batas teks biasa dan panjang data terkait (di bawah) ini terlampaui, AES128_GCM akan gagal dan membocorkan materi kunci.
- AES128_GCM_SIV hampir sama cepatnya dengan AES128_GCM, dengan batas yang sangat baik untuk pesan dalam jumlah besar, tetapi sedikit kurang mapan. Untuk menggunakannya di Java, Anda harus menginstal Conscrypt.
- XChaCha20Poly1305 memiliki batas jumlah pesan dan ukuran pesan yang jauh lebih besar daripada AES128_GCM. Namun, jika gagal (sangat tidak mungkin), ia juga membocorkan materi kunci. Akselerasi tidak menggunakan akselerasi hardware, sehingga bisa lebih lambat daripada mode AES dalam situasi ketika akselerasi hardware tersedia.
Jaminan keamanan
Penerapan AEAD menawarkan:
- keamanan CCA2.
- Kekuatan autentikasi minimal 80 bit.
- Kemampuan untuk mengenkripsi setidaknya 232 pesan dengan total 250 byte. Tidak ada serangan dengan maksimal 232 teks biasa yang dipilih atau teks tersandi yang dipilih memiliki probabilitas keberhasilan yang lebih besar dari 2-32.