OptimizeToursRequest 会应用以下限制条件：
- 装运，这会影响装运方式
- 车辆，会影响车辆路线的计算方式
- 在全球范围内，这同时影响了车辆和货运。
本指南重点介绍一个基本的装运限制条件，即时间范围。
时间窗口是在 OptimizeToursRequest 消息（REST、gRPC）中提供的一种限制条件，用于指定运输活动基于时间的限制。这种限制条件会影响配送的执行时间和方式以及运单的车辆分配。有了这些约束条件，优化器会优先考虑最能满足运送时间限制的车辆。
配送限制：时间范围
您可以在 Shipment.VisitRequest 消息中指定自提或送餐时间，如下所示：
具有时间范围限制的请求示例
此处的示例展示了三种不同的运单，每种运单都有自己的送货时间范围。为简单起见，此示例仅在 deliveries 上设置时间范围，但也可以将时间范围应用于上车点。可以指定多个时间范围，但此示例仅使用每个传送 VisitRequest 中的一个时间范围。
查看带有时间范围的请求示例
{
"populatePolylines": false,
"populateTransitionPolylines": false,
"model": {
"globalStartTime": "2023-01-13T16:00:00Z",
"globalEndTime": "2023-01-14T16:00:00Z",
"shipments": [
{
"deliveries": [
{
"arrivalLocation": {
"latitude": 37.789456,
"longitude": -122.390192
},
"duration": "250s",
"timeWindows": [
{
"startTime": "2023-01-13T18:00:00Z",
"endTime": "2023-01-13T19:00:00Z"
}
]
}
],
"pickups": [
{
"arrivalLocation": {
"latitude": 37.794465,
"longitude": -122.394839
},
"duration": "150s"
}
],
"penaltyCost": 100.0
},
{
"deliveries": [
{
"arrivalLocation": {
"latitude": 37.789116,
"longitude": -122.395080
},
"duration": "250s",
"timeWindows": [
{
"startTime": "2023-01-13T18:00:00Z",
"endTime": "2023-01-13T18:30:00Z"
}
]
}
],
"pickups": [
{
"arrivalLocation": {
"latitude": 37.794465,
"longitude": -122.394839
},
"duration": "150s"
}
],
"penaltyCost": 20.0
},
{
"deliveries": [
{
"arrivalLocation": {
"latitude": 37.795242,
"longitude": -122.399347
},
"duration": "250s",
"timeWindows": [
{
"startTime": "2023-01-13T17:30:00Z",
"endTime": "2023-01-13T18:00:00Z"
}
]
}
],
"pickups": [
{
"arrivalLocation": {
"latitude": 37.794465,
"longitude": -122.394839
},
"duration": "150s"
}
],
"penaltyCost": 50.0
}
],
"vehicles": [
{
"endLocation": {
"latitude": 37.794465,
"longitude": -122.394839
},
"startLocation": {
"latitude": 37.794465,
"longitude": -122.394839
},
"costPerHour": 40.0,
"costPerKilometer": 10.0
}
]
}
}
具有时间范围限制的响应示例
在示例响应中，车辆的开始时间和结束时间分别为 17:35:50 和 18:17:24。这些时间反映了优化器最大限度地减少操作在请求中指定的车辆所需的时间 costPerHour，同时满足所有时间范围限制。如果使用 17:35:50 作为开始时间，则在访问的时间范围开始后，车辆无需在访问地点等待。这在响应中显示为零个 waitDuration 值。
查看对示例请求的响应（带有时间范围）
{
"routes": [
{
"vehicleStartTime": "2023-01-13T17:35:50Z",
"vehicleEndTime": "2023-01-13T18:17:24Z",
"visits": [
{
"isPickup": true,
"startTime": "2023-01-13T17:35:50Z",
"detour": "0s"
},
{
"shipmentIndex": 1,
"isPickup": true,
"startTime": "2023-01-13T17:38:20Z",
"detour": "150s"
},
{
"shipmentIndex": 2,
"isPickup": true,
"startTime": "2023-01-13T17:40:50Z",
"detour": "300s"
},
{
"shipmentIndex": 2,
"startTime": "2023-01-13T17:50:09Z",
"detour": "0s"
},
{
"shipmentIndex": 1,
"startTime": "2023-01-13T18:00:00Z",
"detour": "796s"
},
{
"startTime": "2023-01-13T18:07:35Z",
"detour": "1520s"
}
],
"transitions": [
{
"travelDuration": "0s",
"waitDuration": "0s",
"totalDuration": "0s",
"startTime": "2023-01-13T17:35:50Z"
},
{
"travelDuration": "0s",
"waitDuration": "0s",
"totalDuration": "0s",
"startTime": "2023-01-13T17:38:20Z"
},
{
"travelDuration": "0s",
"waitDuration": "0s",
"totalDuration": "0s",
"startTime": "2023-01-13T17:40:50Z"
},
{
"travelDuration": "409s",
"travelDistanceMeters": 1371,
"waitDuration": "0s",
"totalDuration": "409s",
"startTime": "2023-01-13T17:43:20Z"
},
{
"travelDuration": "341s",
"travelDistanceMeters": 1312,
"waitDuration": "0s",
"totalDuration": "341s",
"startTime": "2023-01-13T17:54:19Z"
},
{
"travelDuration": "205s",
"travelDistanceMeters": 636,
"waitDuration": "0s",
"totalDuration": "205s",
"startTime": "2023-01-13T18:04:10Z"
},
{
"travelDuration": "339s",
"travelDistanceMeters": 1276,
"waitDuration": "0s",
"totalDuration": "339s",
"startTime": "2023-01-13T18:11:45Z"
}
],
"metrics": {
"performedShipmentCount": 3,
"travelDuration": "1294s",
"waitDuration": "0s",
"delayDuration": "0s",
"breakDuration": "0s",
"visitDuration": "1200s",
"totalDuration": "2494s",
"travelDistanceMeters": 4595
},
"routeCosts": {
"model.vehicles.cost_per_hour": 27.711111111111112,
"model.vehicles.cost_per_kilometer": 45.95
},
"routeTotalCost": 73.661111111111111
}
],
"metrics": {
"aggregatedRouteMetrics": {
"performedShipmentCount": 3,
"travelDuration": "1294s",
"waitDuration": "0s",
"delayDuration": "0s",
"breakDuration": "0s",
"visitDuration": "1200s",
"totalDuration": "2494s",
"travelDistanceMeters": 4595
},
"usedVehicleCount": 1,
"earliestVehicleStartTime": "2023-01-13T17:35:50Z",
"latestVehicleEndTime": "2023-01-13T18:17:24Z",
"totalCost": 73.661111111111111,
"costs": {
"model.vehicles.cost_per_hour": 27.711111111111112,
"model.vehicles.cost_per_kilometer": 45.95
}
}
}
时间范围已对车辆的 visits 进行排序，以便首先交付时间范围最早的货物。
shipments[2]在 17:50 送达shipments[1]在 18:00 送达shipments[0]在 18:07 送达
示例请求指定了硬性时间范围限制，要求交付会在这些时间范围内完成。如果在某个时间范围内完成运单的 VisitRequests 不可行或不具备成本效益，优化器会跳过该运单。如果运单具有 penaltyCost，优化器会将其添加到响应 metrics 中报告的费用。否则，OptimizeToursResponse 消息（REST、gRPC）的 skippedMandatoryShipmentCount 属性会增加。
如果您通过将 shipment[1] 的窗口移到几小时后（从 18:00 改为 21:00）来更改时间范围，如以下示例所示。
查看无法满足时间范围的请求示例
{
"populatePolylines": false,
"populateTransitionPolylines": false,
"model": {
"globalStartTime": "2023-01-13T16:00:00Z",
"globalEndTime": "2023-01-14T16:00:00Z",
"shipments": [
{
"deliveries": [
{
"arrivalLocation": {
"latitude": 37.789456,
"longitude": -122.390192
},
"duration": "250s",
"timeWindows": [
{
"startTime": "2023-01-13T18:00:00Z",
"endTime": "2023-01-13T19:00:00Z"
}
]
}
],
"pickups": [
{
"arrivalLocation": {
"latitude": 37.794465,
"longitude": -122.394839
},
"duration": "150s"
}
],
"penaltyCost": 100.0
},
{
"deliveries": [
{
"arrivalLocation": {
"latitude": 37.789116,
"longitude": -122.395080
},
"duration": "250s",
"timeWindows": [
{
"startTime": "2023-01-13T21:00:00Z",
"endTime": "2023-01-13T21:30:00Z"
}
]
}
],
"pickups": [
{
"arrivalLocation": {
"latitude": 37.794465,
"longitude": -122.394839
},
"duration": "150s"
}
],
"penaltyCost": 20.0
},
{
"deliveries": [
{
"arrivalLocation": {
"latitude": 37.795242,
"longitude": -122.399347
},
"duration": "250s",
"timeWindows": [
{
"startTime": "2023-01-13T17:30:00Z",
"endTime": "2023-01-13T18:00:00Z"
}
]
}
],
"pickups": [
{
"arrivalLocation": {
"latitude": 37.794465,
"longitude": -122.394839
},
"duration": "150s"
}
],
"penaltyCost": 50.0
}
],
"vehicles": [
{
"endLocation": {
"latitude": 37.794465,
"longitude": -122.394839
},
"startLocation": {
"latitude": 37.794465,
"longitude": -122.394839
},
"costPerHour": 40.0,
"costPerKilometer": 10.0
}
]
}
}
查看对第二个示例请求的响应（带有时间范围，其中跳过了发货）
{
"routes": [
{
"vehicleStartTime": "2023-01-13T17:37:49Z",
"vehicleEndTime": "2023-01-13T18:09:49Z",
"visits": [
{
"isPickup": true,
"startTime": "2023-01-13T17:37:49Z",
"detour": "0s"
},
{
"shipmentIndex": 2,
"isPickup": true,
"startTime": "2023-01-13T17:40:19Z",
"detour": "150s"
},
{
"shipmentIndex": 2,
"startTime": "2023-01-13T17:49:38Z",
"detour": "0s"
},
{
"startTime": "2023-01-13T18:00:00Z",
"detour": "946s"
}
],
"transitions": [
{
"travelDuration": "0s",
"waitDuration": "0s",
"totalDuration": "0s",
"startTime": "2023-01-13T17:37:49Z"
},
{
"travelDuration": "0s",
"waitDuration": "0s",
"totalDuration": "0s",
"startTime": "2023-01-13T17:40:19Z"
},
{
"travelDuration": "409s",
"travelDistanceMeters": 1371,
"waitDuration": "0s",
"totalDuration": "409s",
"startTime": "2023-01-13T17:42:49Z"
},
{
"travelDuration": "372s",
"travelDistanceMeters": 1348,
"waitDuration": "0s",
"totalDuration": "372s",
"startTime": "2023-01-13T17:53:48Z"
},
{
"travelDuration": "339s",
"travelDistanceMeters": 1276,
"waitDuration": "0s",
"totalDuration": "339s",
"startTime": "2023-01-13T18:04:10Z"
}
],
"metrics": {
"performedShipmentCount": 2,
"travelDuration": "1120s",
"waitDuration": "0s",
"delayDuration": "0s",
"breakDuration": "0s",
"visitDuration": "800s",
"totalDuration": "1920s",
"travelDistanceMeters": 3995
},
"routeCosts": {
"model.vehicles.cost_per_kilometer": 39.95,
"model.vehicles.cost_per_hour": 21.333333333333332
},
"routeTotalCost": 61.283333333333331
}
],
"skippedShipments": [
{
"index": 1
}
],
"metrics": {
"aggregatedRouteMetrics": {
"performedShipmentCount": 2,
"travelDuration": "1120s",
"waitDuration": "0s",
"delayDuration": "0s",
"breakDuration": "0s",
"visitDuration": "800s",
"totalDuration": "1920s",
"travelDistanceMeters": 3995
},
"usedVehicleCount": 1,
"earliestVehicleStartTime": "2023-01-13T17:37:49Z",
"latestVehicleEndTime": "2023-01-13T18:09:49Z",
"totalCost": 81.283333333333331,
"costs": {
"model.shipments.penalty_cost": 20,
"model.vehicles.cost_per_hour": 21.333333333333332,
"model.vehicles.cost_per_kilometer": 39.95
}
}
}
在此示例中，较晚的时间窗口导致 shipment[1] 被跳过，因为在指定时间范围内完成配送订单所需的额外车辆操作时间超过了配送的罚金。shipment[1] 的处罚费用显示在 metrics.costs 中，其索引显示在 skippedShipments 中。
软性时间范围限制
如费用模型参数中简要提到的，时间范围可应用为软约束。软约束条件与硬性约束条件有以下不同：
- 硬性约束：不能违反，且优化器不会提供违反约束条件的解决方案，即使这意味着跳过配送。
- 软约束：可能会违反，这意味着优化器可能会提供违反软约束的解决方案。不过，优化器还会对所有违规行为应用费用。您可以在时间窗口中将此费用作为附加属性提供，通常作为活动发生时间窗口之前或之后每小时的费用。
可通过分别使用 softStartTime 或 softEndTime（而非 startTime 或 endTime）和设置 costPerHourBeforeSoftStartTime 或 costPerHourAfterSoftEndTime 来软化时间窗口。
如果自提或配送应该在指定时间范围内进行，但并非必须要在该时间范围内自提或配送，请使用软时间范围限制。您可以结合使用硬的时间窗口限制和软时间限制来表达业务目标。例如：
- 硬性时间范围：表示客户的营业时间，例如上午 9 点至下午 5 点。
- 软时间窗口：指示与发送给客户的通知匹配的送货或自提时间范围，例如上午 9 点至下午 1 点。
在此示例中，之前因时间范围开始太晚而跳过的运单已软化其开始时间限制。其他配送的时间范围的结束时间也缩短了。
查看具有硬时间窗口和软时间窗口的请求示例
{
"populatePolylines": false,
"populateTransitionPolylines": false,
"model": {
"globalStartTime": "2023-01-13T16:00:00Z",
"globalEndTime": "2023-01-14T16:00:00Z",
"shipments": [
{
"deliveries": [
{
"arrivalLocation": {
"latitude": 37.789456,
"longitude": -122.390192
},
"duration": "250s",
"timeWindows": [
{
"startTime": "2023-01-13T18:00:00Z",
"softEndTime": "2023-01-13T19:00:00Z",
"costPerHourAfterSoftEndTime": 2.0
}
]
}
],
"pickups": [
{
"arrivalLocation": {
"latitude": 37.794465,
"longitude": -122.394839
},
"duration": "150s"
}
],
"penaltyCost": 100.0
},
{
"deliveries": [
{
"arrivalLocation": {
"latitude": 37.789116,
"longitude": -122.395080
},
"duration": "250s",
"timeWindows": [
{
"softStartTime": "2023-01-13T21:00:00Z",
"endTime": "2023-01-13T21:30:00Z",
"costPerHourBeforeSoftStartTime": 2.0
}
]
}
],
"pickups": [
{
"arrivalLocation": {
"latitude": 37.794465,
"longitude": -122.394839
},
"duration": "150s"
}
],
"penaltyCost": 20.0
},
{
"deliveries": [
{
"arrivalLocation": {
"latitude": 37.795242,
"longitude": -122.399347
},
"duration": "250s",
"timeWindows": [
{
"startTime": "2023-01-13T17:30:00Z",
"softEndTime": "2023-01-13T18:00:00Z",
"costPerHourAfterSoftEndTime": 2.0
}
]
}
],
"pickups": [
{
"arrivalLocation": {
"latitude": 37.794465,
"longitude": -122.394839
},
"duration": "150s"
}
],
"penaltyCost": 50.0
}
],
"vehicles": [
{
"endLocation": {
"latitude": 37.794465,
"longitude": -122.394839
},
"startLocation": {
"latitude": 37.794465,
"longitude": -122.394839
},
"costPerHour": 40.0,
"costPerKilometer": 10.0
}
]
}
}
查看对具有硬性和软性时间范围的示例请求的响应
{
"routes": [
{
"vehicleStartTime": "2023-01-13T17:48:35Z",
"vehicleEndTime": "2023-01-13T18:24:28Z",
"visits": [
{
"isPickup": true,
"startTime": "2023-01-13T17:48:35Z",
"detour": "0s"
},
{
"shipmentIndex": 1,
"isPickup": true,
"startTime": "2023-01-13T17:51:05Z",
"detour": "150s"
},
{
"shipmentIndex": 2,
"isPickup": true,
"startTime": "2023-01-13T17:53:35Z",
"detour": "300s"
},
{
"startTime": "2023-01-13T18:00:00Z",
"detour": "300s"
},
{
"shipmentIndex": 1,
"startTime": "2023-01-13T18:07:42Z",
"detour": "493s"
},
{
"shipmentIndex": 2,
"startTime": "2023-01-13T18:17:27Z",
"detour": "873s"
}
],
"transitions": [
{
"travelDuration": "0s",
"waitDuration": "0s",
"totalDuration": "0s",
"startTime": "2023-01-13T17:48:35Z"
},
{
"travelDuration": "0s",
"waitDuration": "0s",
"totalDuration": "0s",
"startTime": "2023-01-13T17:51:05Z"
},
{
"travelDuration": "0s",
"waitDuration": "0s",
"totalDuration": "0s",
"startTime": "2023-01-13T17:53:35Z"
},
{
"travelDuration": "235s",
"travelDistanceMeters": 795,
"waitDuration": "0s",
"totalDuration": "235s",
"startTime": "2023-01-13T17:56:05Z"
},
{
"travelDuration": "212s",
"travelDistanceMeters": 791,
"waitDuration": "0s",
"totalDuration": "212s",
"startTime": "2023-01-13T18:04:10Z"
},
{
"travelDuration": "335s",
"travelDistanceMeters": 1204,
"waitDuration": "0s",
"totalDuration": "335s",
"startTime": "2023-01-13T18:11:52Z"
},
{
"travelDuration": "171s",
"travelDistanceMeters": 665,
"waitDuration": "0s",
"totalDuration": "171s",
"startTime": "2023-01-13T18:21:37Z"
}
],
"metrics": {
"performedShipmentCount": 3,
"travelDuration": "953s",
"waitDuration": "0s",
"delayDuration": "0s",
"breakDuration": "0s",
"visitDuration": "1200s",
"totalDuration": "2153s",
"travelDistanceMeters": 3455
},
"routeCosts": {
"model.shipments.deliveries.time_windows.cost_per_hour_after_soft_end_time": 0.58166666666666667,
"model.shipments.deliveries.time_windows.cost_per_hour_before_soft_start_time": 5.7433333333333332,
"model.vehicles.cost_per_hour": 23.922222222222221,
"model.vehicles.cost_per_kilometer": 34.55
},
"routeTotalCost": 64.797222222222217
}
],
"metrics": {
"aggregatedRouteMetrics": {
"performedShipmentCount": 3,
"travelDuration": "953s",
"waitDuration": "0s",
"delayDuration": "0s",
"breakDuration": "0s",
"visitDuration": "1200s",
"totalDuration": "2153s",
"travelDistanceMeters": 3455
},
"usedVehicleCount": 1,
"earliestVehicleStartTime": "2023-01-13T17:48:35Z",
"latestVehicleEndTime": "2023-01-13T18:24:28Z",
"totalCost": 64.797222222222217,
"costs": {
"model.vehicles.cost_per_kilometer": 34.55,
"model.shipments.deliveries.time_windows.cost_per_hour_before_soft_start_time": 5.7433333333333332,
"model.shipments.deliveries.time_windows.cost_per_hour_after_soft_end_time": 0.58166666666666667,
"model.vehicles.cost_per_hour": 23.922222222222221
}
}
}
如果仅具有硬性时间范围约束的示例完全跳过了 shipment[1]，则软化其传送时间范围会导致其在时间范围开始时间之前传送。同样，通过软化其他运单的结束时间，shipment[2] 可以在其时间范围结束后送达。
同时，费用和总运费都发生了变化：
totalCost：从 81.283 下降到 64.797- 已完成的运单总数：增加了 2 个到 3 个
与上一个示例相比，优化器发现了一个费用更低的解决方案，因为时间限制放宽了。
最后，metrics.costs 属性还包含一个新键，用于指示根据约束的乘积和错过送货窗口的时长而产生的实际费用。具体来说：
costPerHourBeforeSoftStartTime/2.0 和- 从实际投放时间到时间段开始的时间： 2.83583 小时
结果：
model.shipments.deliveries.time_windows.cost_per_hour_before_soft_start_time：5.6716666666666669。
通过这些指标，您可以进行费用分析，了解硬性约束条件与软性约束条件之间的权衡取舍，然后据此调整约束条件，使其更好地契合您的特定业务规则。在这种情况下，总费用小于 shipment[1].penalty_cost 20.0。优化器发现，与跳过装运相比，提早交付货运的性价比更高。