OptimizeToursRequest 會在下列項目中套用限制：
- Shipments，影響運送方式
- 車輛，影響車輛路線的計算方式
- 全球皆受影響，包括車輛和出貨。
本指南著重於重要的運送限制：時間窗。
時間範圍是一種限制，您可以在 OptimizeToursRequest 訊息 (REST、gRPC) 中提供這項限制，以便指定運送活動的時間限制。這類限制會影響運送作業的時間、方式，以及運送車輛的分配。在這些限制下，最佳化工具會優先選擇最能滿足運送時間限制的車輛。
運送限制：時間區間
您可以在 Shipment.VisitRequest 訊息中指定取貨或送達時間，如下所示：
含有時間範圍限制的示例要求
以下範例說明三個不同的出貨作業，每個出貨作業都有各自的運送時間範圍。為求簡單明瞭，本例只會在 deliveries 上設定時間窗，但時間窗也可以套用至接送地點。您可以指定多個時間視窗，但本範例只會在每個提交 VisitRequest 時使用一個。
查看含有時間回溯期的申請範例
{ "populatePolylines": false, "populateTransitionPolylines": false, "model": { "globalStartTime": "2023-01-13T16:00:00Z", "globalEndTime": "2023-01-14T16:00:00Z", "shipments": [ { "deliveries": [ { "arrivalLocation": { "latitude": 37.789456, "longitude": -122.390192 }, "duration": "250s", "timeWindows": [ { "startTime": "2023-01-13T18:00:00Z", "endTime": "2023-01-13T19:00:00Z" } ] } ], "pickups": [ { "arrivalLocation": { "latitude": 37.794465, "longitude": -122.394839 }, "duration": "150s" } ], "penaltyCost": 100.0 }, { "deliveries": [ { "arrivalLocation": { "latitude": 37.789116, "longitude": -122.395080 }, "duration": "250s", "timeWindows": [ { "startTime": "2023-01-13T18:00:00Z", "endTime": "2023-01-13T18:30:00Z" } ] } ], "pickups": [ { "arrivalLocation": { "latitude": 37.794465, "longitude": -122.394839 }, "duration": "150s" } ], "penaltyCost": 20.0 }, { "deliveries": [ { "arrivalLocation": { "latitude": 37.795242, "longitude": -122.399347 }, "duration": "250s", "timeWindows": [ { "startTime": "2023-01-13T17:30:00Z", "endTime": "2023-01-13T18:00:00Z" } ] } ], "pickups": [ { "arrivalLocation": { "latitude": 37.794465, "longitude": -122.394839 }, "duration": "150s" } ], "penaltyCost": 50.0 } ], "vehicles": [ { "endLocation": { "latitude": 37.794465, "longitude": -122.394839 }, "startLocation": { "latitude": 37.794465, "longitude": -122.394839 }, "costPerHour": 40.0, "costPerKilometer": 10.0 } ] } }
含有時間範圍限制的回應範例
在範例回應中，車輛的開始和結束時間分別為 17:35:50 和 18:17:24。這些時間反映了最佳化器如何盡量縮短操作車輛所需的時間，並在滿足所有時間範圍限制的情況下，將車輛指定為 costPerHour。使用 17:35:50 做為開始時間，車輛就不需要在到訪地點等待，直到到訪時間範圍開始。這會在回應中顯示為零 waitDuration 值。
查看範例要求的回應，並瞭解時間視窗
{ "routes": [ { "vehicleStartTime": "2023-01-13T17:35:50Z", "vehicleEndTime": "2023-01-13T18:17:24Z", "visits": [ { "isPickup": true, "startTime": "2023-01-13T17:35:50Z", "detour": "0s" }, { "shipmentIndex": 1, "isPickup": true, "startTime": "2023-01-13T17:38:20Z", "detour": "150s" }, { "shipmentIndex": 2, "isPickup": true, "startTime": "2023-01-13T17:40:50Z", "detour": "300s" }, { "shipmentIndex": 2, "startTime": "2023-01-13T17:50:09Z", "detour": "0s" }, { "shipmentIndex": 1, "startTime": "2023-01-13T18:00:00Z", "detour": "796s" }, { "startTime": "2023-01-13T18:07:35Z", "detour": "1520s" } ], "transitions": [ { "travelDuration": "0s", "waitDuration": "0s", "totalDuration": "0s", "startTime": "2023-01-13T17:35:50Z" }, { "travelDuration": "0s", "waitDuration": "0s", "totalDuration": "0s", "startTime": "2023-01-13T17:38:20Z" }, { "travelDuration": "0s", "waitDuration": "0s", "totalDuration": "0s", "startTime": "2023-01-13T17:40:50Z" }, { "travelDuration": "409s", "travelDistanceMeters": 1371, "waitDuration": "0s", "totalDuration": "409s", "startTime": "2023-01-13T17:43:20Z" }, { "travelDuration": "341s", "travelDistanceMeters": 1312, "waitDuration": "0s", "totalDuration": "341s", "startTime": "2023-01-13T17:54:19Z" }, { "travelDuration": "205s", "travelDistanceMeters": 636, "waitDuration": "0s", "totalDuration": "205s", "startTime": "2023-01-13T18:04:10Z" }, { "travelDuration": "339s", "travelDistanceMeters": 1276, "waitDuration": "0s", "totalDuration": "339s", "startTime": "2023-01-13T18:11:45Z" } ], "metrics": { "performedShipmentCount": 3, "travelDuration": "1294s", "waitDuration": "0s", "delayDuration": "0s", "breakDuration": "0s", "visitDuration": "1200s", "totalDuration": "2494s", "travelDistanceMeters": 4595 }, "routeCosts": { "model.vehicles.cost_per_hour": 27.711111111111112, "model.vehicles.cost_per_kilometer": 45.95 }, "routeTotalCost": 73.661111111111111 } ], "metrics": { "aggregatedRouteMetrics": { "performedShipmentCount": 3, "travelDuration": "1294s", "waitDuration": "0s", "delayDuration": "0s", "breakDuration": "0s", "visitDuration": "1200s", "totalDuration": "2494s", "travelDistanceMeters": 4595 }, "usedVehicleCount": 1, "earliestVehicleStartTime": "2023-01-13T17:35:50Z", "latestVehicleEndTime": "2023-01-13T18:17:24Z", "totalCost": 73.661111111111111, "costs": { "model.vehicles.cost_per_hour": 27.711111111111112, "model.vehicles.cost_per_kilometer": 45.95 } } }
時間窗口會排序車輛的 visits，讓最早的時間窗口先送達。
shipments[2]已於 17:50 送達shipments[1]已於 18:00 送達shipments[0]已於 18:07 送達
示例要求會指定硬性時間範圍限制，要求在這些範圍內完成提交作業。如果在任何時間範圍內完成出貨的 VisitRequests 不可行或不划算，最佳化器就會略過該出貨。如果運送作業含有 penaltyCost，最佳化工具會將其加進回應 metrics 中回報的費用。否則，OptimizeToursResponse 訊息 (REST、gRPC) 的 skippedMandatoryShipmentCount 屬性會增加。
如果您將 shipment[1] 的時間區間往後推幾小時 (從 18:00 推到 21:00)，結果就會有所不同，如以下範例所示。
請參閱無法滿足時間範圍要求的示例
{ "populatePolylines": false, "populateTransitionPolylines": false, "model": { "globalStartTime": "2023-01-13T16:00:00Z", "globalEndTime": "2023-01-14T16:00:00Z", "shipments": [ { "deliveries": [ { "arrivalLocation": { "latitude": 37.789456, "longitude": -122.390192 }, "duration": "250s", "timeWindows": [ { "startTime": "2023-01-13T18:00:00Z", "endTime": "2023-01-13T19:00:00Z" } ] } ], "pickups": [ { "arrivalLocation": { "latitude": 37.794465, "longitude": -122.394839 }, "duration": "150s" } ], "penaltyCost": 100.0 }, { "deliveries": [ { "arrivalLocation": { "latitude": 37.789116, "longitude": -122.395080 }, "duration": "250s", "timeWindows": [ { "startTime": "2023-01-13T21:00:00Z", "endTime": "2023-01-13T21:30:00Z" } ] } ], "pickups": [ { "arrivalLocation": { "latitude": 37.794465, "longitude": -122.394839 }, "duration": "150s" } ], "penaltyCost": 20.0 }, { "deliveries": [ { "arrivalLocation": { "latitude": 37.795242, "longitude": -122.399347 }, "duration": "250s", "timeWindows": [ { "startTime": "2023-01-13T17:30:00Z", "endTime": "2023-01-13T18:00:00Z" } ] } ], "pickups": [ { "arrivalLocation": { "latitude": 37.794465, "longitude": -122.394839 }, "duration": "150s" } ], "penaltyCost": 50.0 } ], "vehicles": [ { "endLocation": { "latitude": 37.794465, "longitude": -122.394839 }, "startLocation": { "latitude": 37.794465, "longitude": -122.394839 }, "costPerHour": 40.0, "costPerKilometer": 10.0 } ] } }
查看針對含有時間窗口的第二個範例要求的回應，其中顯示了跳過的出貨
{ "routes": [ { "vehicleStartTime": "2023-01-13T17:37:49Z", "vehicleEndTime": "2023-01-13T18:09:49Z", "visits": [ { "isPickup": true, "startTime": "2023-01-13T17:37:49Z", "detour": "0s" }, { "shipmentIndex": 2, "isPickup": true, "startTime": "2023-01-13T17:40:19Z", "detour": "150s" }, { "shipmentIndex": 2, "startTime": "2023-01-13T17:49:38Z", "detour": "0s" }, { "startTime": "2023-01-13T18:00:00Z", "detour": "946s" } ], "transitions": [ { "travelDuration": "0s", "waitDuration": "0s", "totalDuration": "0s", "startTime": "2023-01-13T17:37:49Z" }, { "travelDuration": "0s", "waitDuration": "0s", "totalDuration": "0s", "startTime": "2023-01-13T17:40:19Z" }, { "travelDuration": "409s", "travelDistanceMeters": 1371, "waitDuration": "0s", "totalDuration": "409s", "startTime": "2023-01-13T17:42:49Z" }, { "travelDuration": "372s", "travelDistanceMeters": 1348, "waitDuration": "0s", "totalDuration": "372s", "startTime": "2023-01-13T17:53:48Z" }, { "travelDuration": "339s", "travelDistanceMeters": 1276, "waitDuration": "0s", "totalDuration": "339s", "startTime": "2023-01-13T18:04:10Z" } ], "metrics": { "performedShipmentCount": 2, "travelDuration": "1120s", "waitDuration": "0s", "delayDuration": "0s", "breakDuration": "0s", "visitDuration": "800s", "totalDuration": "1920s", "travelDistanceMeters": 3995 }, "routeCosts": { "model.vehicles.cost_per_kilometer": 39.95, "model.vehicles.cost_per_hour": 21.333333333333332 }, "routeTotalCost": 61.283333333333331 } ], "skippedShipments": [ { "index": 1 } ], "metrics": { "aggregatedRouteMetrics": { "performedShipmentCount": 2, "travelDuration": "1120s", "waitDuration": "0s", "delayDuration": "0s", "breakDuration": "0s", "visitDuration": "800s", "totalDuration": "1920s", "travelDistanceMeters": 3995 }, "usedVehicleCount": 1, "earliestVehicleStartTime": "2023-01-13T17:37:49Z", "latestVehicleEndTime": "2023-01-13T18:09:49Z", "totalCost": 81.283333333333331, "costs": { "model.shipments.penalty_cost": 20, "model.vehicles.cost_per_hour": 21.333333333333332, "model.vehicles.cost_per_kilometer": 39.95 } } }
在本例中，後續時間範圍導致 shipment[1] 遭到略過，因為在指定時間範圍內完成運送所需的額外車輛運作時間，超過了運送的罰款成本。shipment[1] 的罰則費用會顯示在 metrics.costs 中，而其索引會顯示在 skippedShipments 中。
軟性時間範圍限制
如成本模式參數中所述，時間視窗可做為軟性限制條件套用。軟性限制與硬性限制的差異如下：
- 硬性限制條件：無法違反，且最佳化工具不會提供違反限制條件的解決方案，即使這代表會略過某次出貨也一樣。
- 軟性限制條件：可能會違反限制條件，也就是說最佳化器可能會提供違反軟性限制條件的解決方案。不過，最佳化工具也會對任何違規行為套用費用。您可以在時間範圍中提供這項費用做為額外資源，通常是活動發生時間範圍前後每小時的費用。
您可以分別使用 softStartTime 或 softEndTime 而非 startTime 或 endTime，並設定 costPerHourBeforeSoftStartTime 或 costPerHourAfterSoftEndTime，藉此讓時間視窗變得較為柔軟。
如果取件或送達服務「應」在指定的時間範圍內進行，但並非絕對必須在該時間範圍內，請使用軟性時間範圍限制。您可以同時使用硬性和軟性時間範圍限制來表達業務目標。例如：
- 固定時間範圍：表示客戶的營業時間，例如上午 9 點到下午 5 點。
- 軟性時間範圍：表示與向消費者傳送的通知相符的運送或取貨時間範圍，例如上午 9 點到下午 1 點。
在本範例中，先前因為時間視窗開始得太晚而略過的運送作業，其開始時間限制已放寬。其他運送訂單的時間窗口也已延後。
查看含有硬性和軟性時間範圍的示例要求
{ "populatePolylines": false, "populateTransitionPolylines": false, "model": { "globalStartTime": "2023-01-13T16:00:00Z", "globalEndTime": "2023-01-14T16:00:00Z", "shipments": [ { "deliveries": [ { "arrivalLocation": { "latitude": 37.789456, "longitude": -122.390192 }, "duration": "250s", "timeWindows": [ { "startTime": "2023-01-13T18:00:00Z", "softEndTime": "2023-01-13T19:00:00Z", "costPerHourAfterSoftEndTime": 2.0 } ] } ], "pickups": [ { "arrivalLocation": { "latitude": 37.794465, "longitude": -122.394839 }, "duration": "150s" } ], "penaltyCost": 100.0 }, { "deliveries": [ { "arrivalLocation": { "latitude": 37.789116, "longitude": -122.395080 }, "duration": "250s", "timeWindows": [ { "softStartTime": "2023-01-13T21:00:00Z", "endTime": "2023-01-13T21:30:00Z", "costPerHourBeforeSoftStartTime": 2.0 } ] } ], "pickups": [ { "arrivalLocation": { "latitude": 37.794465, "longitude": -122.394839 }, "duration": "150s" } ], "penaltyCost": 20.0 }, { "deliveries": [ { "arrivalLocation": { "latitude": 37.795242, "longitude": -122.399347 }, "duration": "250s", "timeWindows": [ { "startTime": "2023-01-13T17:30:00Z", "softEndTime": "2023-01-13T18:00:00Z", "costPerHourAfterSoftEndTime": 2.0 } ] } ], "pickups": [ { "arrivalLocation": { "latitude": 37.794465, "longitude": -122.394839 }, "duration": "150s" } ], "penaltyCost": 50.0 } ], "vehicles": [ { "endLocation": { "latitude": 37.794465, "longitude": -122.394839 }, "startLocation": { "latitude": 37.794465, "longitude": -122.394839 }, "costPerHour": 40.0, "costPerKilometer": 10.0 } ] } }
查看對含有硬性和軟性時間間隔的示例要求的回應
{ "routes": [ { "vehicleStartTime": "2023-01-13T17:48:35Z", "vehicleEndTime": "2023-01-13T18:24:28Z", "visits": [ { "isPickup": true, "startTime": "2023-01-13T17:48:35Z", "detour": "0s" }, { "shipmentIndex": 1, "isPickup": true, "startTime": "2023-01-13T17:51:05Z", "detour": "150s" }, { "shipmentIndex": 2, "isPickup": true, "startTime": "2023-01-13T17:53:35Z", "detour": "300s" }, { "startTime": "2023-01-13T18:00:00Z", "detour": "300s" }, { "shipmentIndex": 1, "startTime": "2023-01-13T18:07:42Z", "detour": "493s" }, { "shipmentIndex": 2, "startTime": "2023-01-13T18:17:27Z", "detour": "873s" } ], "transitions": [ { "travelDuration": "0s", "waitDuration": "0s", "totalDuration": "0s", "startTime": "2023-01-13T17:48:35Z" }, { "travelDuration": "0s", "waitDuration": "0s", "totalDuration": "0s", "startTime": "2023-01-13T17:51:05Z" }, { "travelDuration": "0s", "waitDuration": "0s", "totalDuration": "0s", "startTime": "2023-01-13T17:53:35Z" }, { "travelDuration": "235s", "travelDistanceMeters": 795, "waitDuration": "0s", "totalDuration": "235s", "startTime": "2023-01-13T17:56:05Z" }, { "travelDuration": "212s", "travelDistanceMeters": 791, "waitDuration": "0s", "totalDuration": "212s", "startTime": "2023-01-13T18:04:10Z" }, { "travelDuration": "335s", "travelDistanceMeters": 1204, "waitDuration": "0s", "totalDuration": "335s", "startTime": "2023-01-13T18:11:52Z" }, { "travelDuration": "171s", "travelDistanceMeters": 665, "waitDuration": "0s", "totalDuration": "171s", "startTime": "2023-01-13T18:21:37Z" } ], "metrics": { "performedShipmentCount": 3, "travelDuration": "953s", "waitDuration": "0s", "delayDuration": "0s", "breakDuration": "0s", "visitDuration": "1200s", "totalDuration": "2153s", "travelDistanceMeters": 3455 }, "routeCosts": { "model.shipments.deliveries.time_windows.cost_per_hour_after_soft_end_time": 0.58166666666666667, "model.shipments.deliveries.time_windows.cost_per_hour_before_soft_start_time": 5.7433333333333332, "model.vehicles.cost_per_hour": 23.922222222222221, "model.vehicles.cost_per_kilometer": 34.55 }, "routeTotalCost": 64.797222222222217 } ], "metrics": { "aggregatedRouteMetrics": { "performedShipmentCount": 3, "travelDuration": "953s", "waitDuration": "0s", "delayDuration": "0s", "breakDuration": "0s", "visitDuration": "1200s", "totalDuration": "2153s", "travelDistanceMeters": 3455 }, "usedVehicleCount": 1, "earliestVehicleStartTime": "2023-01-13T17:48:35Z", "latestVehicleEndTime": "2023-01-13T18:24:28Z", "totalCost": 64.797222222222217, "costs": { "model.vehicles.cost_per_kilometer": 34.55, "model.shipments.deliveries.time_windows.cost_per_hour_before_soft_start_time": 5.7433333333333332, "model.shipments.deliveries.time_windows.cost_per_hour_after_soft_end_time": 0.58166666666666667, "model.vehicles.cost_per_hour": 23.922222222222221 } } }
在只有硬性時間區間限制的範例中，shipment[1] 會完全略過，而如果將其提交時間區間調低，就會在時間區間開始時間之前提交。同樣地，將其他出貨作業的結束時間調低，可讓 shipment[2] 在時間窗口結束後送達。
同時，費用和總出貨量也有所變動：
totalCost：從 81.283 減少至 64.797- 完成出貨量：從 2 增加至 3
與前一個範例相比，時間視窗限制較為寬鬆，因此最佳化工具找到了成本較低的解決方案。
最後，metrics.costs 屬性也包含一個新鍵，用於根據限制條件和未達的提交時間長度，指出實際產生的成本。也就是：
costPerHourBeforeSoftStartTime2.0 和- 實際送達時間與時間範圍開始時間之間的時間差距： 2.83583 小時
結果：
model.shipments.deliveries.time_windows.cost_per_hour_before_soft_start_time：5.6716666666666669。
您可以使用這些指標進行成本分析，瞭解硬限制和軟限制之間的權衡，並據此調整限制，以便更符合特定業務規則。在這種情況下，總費用低於 shipment[1].penalty_cost 的 20.0。最佳化工具判斷，提早出貨比略過出貨更具成本效益。