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簡化 OAuth 和 Google 登入機制的連結程序

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以 OAuth 為基礎的 Google 登入簡化連結會在 OAuth 連結上方加入 Google 登入功能。這可為 Google 使用者提供無縫連結體驗，並啟用帳戶建立功能，讓使用者可透過 Google 帳戶在您的服務中建立新帳戶。

如要使用 OAuth 和 Google 登入功能執行帳戶連結，請按照下列一般步驟操作：

首先，請使用者同意存取其 Google 個人資料。
使用設定檔中的資訊，確認使用者帳戶是否存在。
如果是現有使用者，請連結帳戶。
如果您在驗證系統中找不到 Google 使用者，請驗證從 Google 收到的 ID 權杖。接著，您可以根據 ID 權杖中包含的個人資料資訊建立使用者。

這張圖片顯示使用者如何透過簡化連結流程連結 Google 帳戶。第一張螢幕截圖顯示使用者如何選取要連結的應用程式。第二張螢幕截圖可讓使用者確認自己是否已在您的服務中建立帳戶。第三張螢幕截圖可讓使用者選取要連結的 Google 帳戶。第四張螢幕截圖顯示確認訊息，說明使用者已將 Google 帳戶連結至您的應用程式。第五張螢幕截圖顯示 Google 應用程式中已成功連結的使用者帳戶。

圖 1. 使用簡化連結功能在使用者手機上連結帳戶

簡化連結功能的相關規定

實作基本網路 OAuth 連結流程。您的服務必須支援符合 OAuth 2.0 標準的授權和權杖交換端點。
權杖交換端點必須支援 JSON Web Token (JWT) 斷言，並實作 check、create 和 get 意圖。

註冊 Google API 用戶端 ID。

實作 OAuth 伺服器

您的 權杖交換端點必須支援 check、create、get 意圖。下方顯示透過帳戶連結流程完成的步驟，並指出不同意圖的呼叫時機：

使用者是否在您的驗證系統中擁有帳戶？(使用者可選取「是」或「否」決定是否同意)
1. 是：使用者是否會使用與 Google 帳戶相關聯的電子郵件地址登入平台？(使用者可選取「是」或「否」決定是否同意)
  1. 是：使用者是否在您的驗證系統中擁有相符的帳戶？(系統會呼叫 check intent 進行確認)
    1. 是：如果 getIntent 成功傳回，系統會呼叫 get intent，並連結帳戶。
    2. 否：建立新帳戶？(使用者可選取「是」或「否」決定是否同意)
      1. 是：如果建立意圖的傳回值成功，系統會呼叫 create intent，並連結帳戶。
      2. 否：觸發 Web OAuth 流程，使用者會被導向瀏覽器，並提供連結其他電子郵件的選項。
  2. 否：系統會觸發網路 OAuth 流程，將使用者導向瀏覽器，並提供連結其他電子郵件地址的選項。
2. 否：使用者是否在您的驗證系統中擁有相符的帳戶？(系統會呼叫 check intent 進行確認)
  1. 是：如果 getIntent 成功傳回，系統會呼叫 get intent，並連結帳戶。
  2. 否：如果建立意圖的傳回值為成功，系統會呼叫 create intent，並連結帳戶。

检查现有用户账号（检查 intent）

在用户同意访问其 Google 个人资料后，Google 会发送请求，其中包含 Google 用户身份的已签名断言。通过断言包含的信息包括用户的 Google 账号 ID、姓名和电子邮件地址为您的 Google Cloud 控制台配置的令牌交换端点项目处理该请求。

如果您的身份验证中已有相应的 Google 账号系统时，您的令牌交换端点会返回 account_found=true。如果 Google 账号与现有用户不匹配，您的令牌交换端点返回“HTTP 404 Not Found”错误以及 account_found=false。

请求的格式如下：

POST /token HTTP/1.1
Host: oauth2.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded

grant_type=urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:jwt-bearer&intent=check&assertion=JWT&scope=SCOPES&client_id=GOOGLE_CLIENT_ID&client_secret=GOOGLE_CLIENT_SECRET

您的令牌交换端点必须能够处理以下参数：

令牌端点参数
`intent`	对于这些请求，此参数的值为 `check`。
`grant_type`	所交换的令牌的类型。对于这类请求参数的值为 `urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:jwt-bearer`。
`assertion`	一个 JSON Web 令牌 (JWT)，提供 Google 用户身份。JWT 包含的信息包括用户 Google 账号 ID、姓名和电子邮件地址。
`client_id`	您分配给 Google 的客户 ID。
`client_secret`	您分配给 Google 的客户端密钥。

如需响应 check intent 请求，您的令牌交换端点必须执行以下步骤：

验证和解码 JWT 断言。
检查您的身份验证系统中是否已存在该 Google 账号。

Validate and decode the JWT assertion

You can validate and decode the JWT assertion by using a JWT-decoding library for your language. Use Google's public keys, available in JWK or PEM formats, to verify the token's signature.

When decoded, the JWT assertion looks like the following example:

{
  "sub": "1234567890",      // The unique ID of the user's Google Account
  "iss": "https://accounts.google.com",        // The assertion's issuer
  "aud": "123-abc.apps.googleusercontent.com", // Your server's client ID
  "iat": 233366400,         // Unix timestamp of the assertion's creation time
  "exp": 233370000,         // Unix timestamp of the assertion's expiration time
  "name": "Jan Jansen",
  "given_name": "Jan",
  "family_name": "Jansen",
  "email": "jan@gmail.com", // If present, the user's email address
  "email_verified": true,   // true, if Google has verified the email address
  "hd": "example.com",      // If present, the host domain of the user's GSuite email address
                            // If present, a URL to user's profile picture
  "picture": "https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/a-/AOh14GjlTnZKHAeb94A-FmEbwZv7uJD986VOF1mJGb2YYQ",
  "locale": "en_US"         // User's locale, from browser or phone settings
}

In addition to verifying the token's signature, verify that the assertion's issuer (iss field) is https://accounts.google.com, that the audience (aud field) is your assigned client ID, and that the token has not expired (exp field).

Using the email, email_verified and hd fields you can determine if Google hosts and is authoritative for an email address. In cases where Google is authoritative the user is currently known to be the legitimate account owner and you may skip password or other challenges methods. Otherwise, these methods can be used to verify the account prior to linking.

Cases where Google is authoritative:

email has a @gmail.com suffix, this is a Gmail account.
email_verified is true and hd is set, this is a G Suite account.

Users may register for Google Accounts without using Gmail or G Suite. When email does not contain a @gmail.com suffix and hd is absent Google is not authoritative and password or other challenge methods are recommended to verify the user. email_verified can also be true as Google initially verified the user when the Google account was created, however ownership of the third party email account may have since changed.

检查您的身份验证系统中是否已存在该 Google 账号

请检查以下任一条件是否成立：

Google 账号 ID（可在断言的 sub 字段中找到）位于您的用户中数据库。
断言中的电子邮件地址与用户数据库中的用户匹配。

如果满足上述任一条件，则表明用户已注册。在这种情况下返回如下所示的响应：

HTTP/1.1 200 Success
Content-Type: application/json;charset=UTF-8

{
  "account_found":"true",
}

如果 Google 账号 ID 和断言与您的数据库中的用户匹配，该用户尚未注册。在在这种情况下，您的令牌交换端点需要返回 HTTP 404 错误指定 "account_found": "false"，如以下示例所示：

HTTP/1.1 404 Not found
Content-Type: application/json;charset=UTF-8

{
  "account_found":"false",
}

Handle automatic linking (get intent)

After the user gives consent to access their Google profile, Google sends a request that contains a signed assertion of the Google user's identity. The assertion contains information that includes the user's Google Account ID, name, and email address. The token exchange endpoint configured for your project handles that request.

If the corresponding Google Account is already present in your authentication system, your token exchange endpoint returns a token for the user. If the Google Account doesn't match an existing user, your token exchange endpoint returns a linking_error error and optional login_hint.

The request has the following form:

POST /token HTTP/1.1
Host: oauth2.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded

grant_type=urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:jwt-bearer&intent=get&assertion=JWT&scope=SCOPES&client_id=GOOGLE_CLIENT_ID&client_secret=GOOGLE_CLIENT_SECRET

Your token exchange endpoint must be able to handle the following parameters:

Token endpoint parameters
`intent`	For these requests, the value of this parameter is `get`.
`grant_type`	The type of token being exchanged. For these requests, this parameter has the value `urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:jwt-bearer`.
`assertion`	A JSON Web Token (JWT) that provides a signed assertion of the Google user's identity. The JWT contains information that includes the user's Google Account ID, name, and email address.
`scope`	Optional: Any scopes that you've configured Google to request from users.
`client_id`	The client ID you assigned to Google.
`client_secret`	The client secret you assigned to Google.

To respond to the get intent requests, your token exchange endpoint must perform the following steps:

Validate and decode the JWT assertion.
Check if the Google account is already present in your authentication system.

Validate and decode the JWT assertion

You can validate and decode the JWT assertion by using a JWT-decoding library for your language. Use Google's public keys, available in JWK or PEM formats, to verify the token's signature.

When decoded, the JWT assertion looks like the following example:

{
  "sub": "1234567890",      // The unique ID of the user's Google Account
  "iss": "https://accounts.google.com",        // The assertion's issuer
  "aud": "123-abc.apps.googleusercontent.com", // Your server's client ID
  "iat": 233366400,         // Unix timestamp of the assertion's creation time
  "exp": 233370000,         // Unix timestamp of the assertion's expiration time
  "name": "Jan Jansen",
  "given_name": "Jan",
  "family_name": "Jansen",
  "email": "jan@gmail.com", // If present, the user's email address
  "email_verified": true,   // true, if Google has verified the email address
  "hd": "example.com",      // If present, the host domain of the user's GSuite email address
                            // If present, a URL to user's profile picture
  "picture": "https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/a-/AOh14GjlTnZKHAeb94A-FmEbwZv7uJD986VOF1mJGb2YYQ",
  "locale": "en_US"         // User's locale, from browser or phone settings
}

Cases where Google is authoritative:

email has a @gmail.com suffix, this is a Gmail account.
email_verified is true and hd is set, this is a G Suite account.

Check if the Google account is already present in your authentication system

Check whether either of the following conditions are true:

The Google Account ID, found in the assertion's sub field, is in your user database.
The email address in the assertion matches a user in your user database.

If an account is found for the user, issue an access token and return the values in a JSON object in the body of your HTTPS response, like in the following example:

{
  "token_type": "Bearer",
  "access_token": "ACCESS_TOKEN",

  "expires_in": SECONDS_TO_EXPIRATION
}

In some cases, account linking based on ID token might fail for the user. If it does so for any reason, your token exchange endpoint needs to reply with a HTTP 401 error that specifies error=linking_error, as the following example shows:

HTTP/1.1 401 Unauthorized
Content-Type: application/json;charset=UTF-8

{
  "error":"linking_error",
  "login_hint":"foo@bar.com"
}

When Google receives a 401 error response with linking_error, Google sends the user to your authorization endpoint with login_hint as a parameter. The user completes account linking using the OAuth linking flow in their browser.

Handle account creation via Google Sign-In (create intent)

When a user needs to create an account on your service, Google makes a request to your token exchange endpoint that specifies intent=create.

The request has the following form:

POST /token HTTP/1.1
Host: oauth2.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded

response_type=token&grant_type=urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:jwt-bearer&scope=SCOPES&intent=create&assertion=JWT&client_id=GOOGLE_CLIENT_ID&client_secret=GOOGLE_CLIENT_SECRET

Your token exchange endpoint must able to handle the following parameters:

Token endpoint parameters
`intent`	For these requests, the value of this parameter is `create`.
`grant_type`	The type of token being exchanged. For these requests, this parameter has the value `urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:jwt-bearer`.
`assertion`	A JSON Web Token (JWT) that provides a signed assertion of the Google user's identity. The JWT contains information that includes the user's Google Account ID, name, and email address.
`client_id`	The client ID you assigned to Google.
`client_secret`	The client secret you assigned to Google.

The JWT within the assertion parameter contains the user's Google Account ID, name, and email address, which you can use to create a new account on your service.

To respond to the create intent requests, your token exchange endpoint must perform the following steps:

Validate and decode the JWT assertion.
Validate user information and create new account.

Validate and decode the JWT assertion

You can validate and decode the JWT assertion by using a JWT-decoding library for your language. Use Google's public keys, available in JWK or PEM formats, to verify the token's signature.

When decoded, the JWT assertion looks like the following example:

{
  "sub": "1234567890",      // The unique ID of the user's Google Account
  "iss": "https://accounts.google.com",        // The assertion's issuer
  "aud": "123-abc.apps.googleusercontent.com", // Your server's client ID
  "iat": 233366400,         // Unix timestamp of the assertion's creation time
  "exp": 233370000,         // Unix timestamp of the assertion's expiration time
  "name": "Jan Jansen",
  "given_name": "Jan",
  "family_name": "Jansen",
  "email": "jan@gmail.com", // If present, the user's email address
  "email_verified": true,   // true, if Google has verified the email address
  "hd": "example.com",      // If present, the host domain of the user's GSuite email address
                            // If present, a URL to user's profile picture
  "picture": "https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/a-/AOh14GjlTnZKHAeb94A-FmEbwZv7uJD986VOF1mJGb2YYQ",
  "locale": "en_US"         // User's locale, from browser or phone settings
}

Cases where Google is authoritative:

email has a @gmail.com suffix, this is a Gmail account.
email_verified is true and hd is set, this is a G Suite account.

Validate user information and create new account

Check whether either of the following conditions are true:

The Google Account ID, found in the assertion's sub field, is in your user database.
The email address in the assertion matches a user in your user database.

If either condition is true, prompt the user to link their existing account with their Google Account. To do so, respond to the request with an HTTP 401 error that specifies error=linking_error and gives the user's email address as the login_hint. The following is a sample response:

HTTP/1.1 401 Unauthorized
Content-Type: application/json;charset=UTF-8

{
  "error":"linking_error",
  "login_hint":"foo@bar.com"
}

If neither condition is true, create a new user account with the information provided in the JWT. New accounts don't typically have a password set. It's recommended that you add Google Sign-In to other platforms to enable users to log in with Google across the surfaces of your application. Alternatively, you can email the user a link that starts your password recovery flow to allow the user to set a password to sign in on other platforms.

When the creation is completed, issue an access token and return the values in a JSON object in the body of your HTTPS response, like in the following example:

{
  "token_type": "Bearer",
  "access_token": "ACCESS_TOKEN",

  "expires_in": SECONDS_TO_EXPIRATION
}

取得 Google API 用戶端 ID

您必須在帳戶連結註冊程序中提供 Google API 用戶端 ID。

如要使用完成 OAuth 連結步驟時建立的專案取得 API 用戶端 ID，若要這樣做，請完成下列步驟：

建立或選取 Google API 專案。

如果專案沒有網路應用程式類型的用戶端 ID，請按一下「Create Client」建立用戶端 ID。請務必在「已授權的 JavaScript 來源」方塊中加入網站的網域。執行本機測試或開發時，您必須將 http://localhost 和 http://localhost:<port_number> 都新增至「已授權的 JavaScript 來源」欄位。

重點提示： 將 http://localhost 和 http://localhost:<port_number> 新增至「已授權的 JavaScript 來源」欄位，以便進行本機測試或開發作業。
注意：用戶端 ID 如下所示：
```
1234567890-abc123def456.apps.googleusercontent.com
```

驗證實作

You can validate your implementation by using the OAuth 2.0 Playground tool.

In the tool, do the following steps:

Click Configuration to open the OAuth 2.0 Configuration window.
In the OAuth flow field, select Client-side.
In the OAuth Endpoints field, select Custom.
Specify your OAuth 2.0 endpoint and the client ID you assigned to Google in the corresponding fields.
In the Step 1 section, don't select any Google scopes. Instead, leave this field blank or type a scope valid for your server (or an arbitrary string if you don't use OAuth scopes). When you're done, click Authorize APIs.
In the Step 2 and Step 3 sections, go through the OAuth 2.0 flow and verify that each step works as intended.

You can validate your implementation by using the Google Account Linking Demo tool.

In the tool, do the following steps:

Click the Sign-in with Google button.
Choose the account you'd like to link.
Enter the service ID.
Optionally enter one or more scopes that you will request access for.
Click Start Demo.
When prompted, confirm that you may consent and deny the linking request.
Confirm that you are redirected to your platform.