Membuat pembuatan email massal dengan Gmail & Google Spreadsheet

Tingkat coding: Pemula
Durasi: 10 menit
Jenis project: Otomatisasi dengan menu kustom

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Tujuan

  • Pahami fungsi solusi tersebut.
  • Pahami fungsi layanan Apps Script dalam solusi tersebut.
  • Siapkan skrip.
  • Jalankan skrip.

Tentang solusi ini

Mengisi template email secara otomatis dengan data dari Google Spreadsheet. Email dikirim dari akun Gmail agar Anda dapat merespons balasan penerima.

Penting: Contoh pembuatan email massal ini tunduk pada batas email yang dijelaskan dalam Kuota untuk layanan Google.

contoh pembuatan email massal

Cara kerjanya

Anda membuat template draf Gmail dengan placeholder yang sesuai dengan data di spreadsheet Spreadsheet. Setiap header kolom dalam sheet mewakili tag placeholder. Skrip akan mengirimkan informasi untuk setiap placeholder dari spreadsheet ke lokasi tag placeholder yang sesuai dalam draf email Anda.

Layanan Apps Script

Solusi ini menggunakan layanan berikut:

Prasyarat

Untuk menggunakan sampel ini, Anda memerlukan prasyarat berikut:

  • Akun Google (akun Google Workspace mungkin memerlukan persetujuan administrator).
  • Browser web dengan akses ke internet.

Menyiapkan skrip

Membuat project Apps Script

  1. Klik tombol berikut untuk membuat salinan spreadsheet contoh Gabungan Email Gmail/Spreadsheet. Project Apps Script untuk solusi ini dilampirkan pada spreadsheet.
    Buat salinan
  2. Di spreadsheet yang disalin, perbarui kolom Recipients dengan alamat email yang ingin Anda gunakan di pembuatan email massal.
  3. (Opsional) Tambahkan, edit, atau hapus kolom untuk menyesuaikan data yang ingin Anda sertakan dalam template email.

Jika mengubah nama kolom Penerima atau Email Terkirim, Anda harus memperbarui kode yang sesuai di project Apps Script. Anda dapat membuka project Apps Script dari spreadsheet dengan mengklik Ekstensi > Apps Script.

Buat template email

  1. Di akun Gmail, buat draf email. Untuk menyertakan data dari spreadsheet di email Anda, gunakan placeholder yang sesuai dengan nama kolom yang dikelilingi tanda kurung kurawal, seperti {{First name}}.
    • Jika memformat teks dalam email, Anda juga harus memformat tanda kurung placeholder.
    • Placeholder peka huruf besar/kecil dan harus sama persis dengan header kolom.
  2. Salin baris subjek draf email Anda.

Jalankan skrip:

  1. Di spreadsheet, klik Mail Merge > Send Emails. Anda mungkin perlu memuat ulang halaman agar menu kustom ini muncul.

  2. Jika diminta, izinkan skrip. Jika layar izin OAuth menampilkan peringatan, This app don't verified, lanjutkan dengan memilih Advanced > Buka {Project Name} (unsafe).

  3. Klik Mail Merge > Send Emails lagi.

  4. Tempelkan baris subjek template email, lalu klik Oke.

Jika Anda menerapkan filter ke sheet, skrip masih akan mengirim email ke peserta yang difilter, tetapi tidak akan menambahkan stempel waktu.

Meninjau kode

Untuk meninjau kode Apps Script untuk solusi ini, klik Lihat kode sumber di bawah:

Melihat kode sumber

Code.gs

solutions/automations/mail-merge/Code.js
// To learn how to use this script, refer to the documentation:
// https://developers.google.com/apps-script/samples/automations/mail-merge

/*
Copyright 2022 Martin Hawksey

Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at

    https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
*/

/**
 * @OnlyCurrentDoc
*/

/**
 * Change these to match the column names you are using for email 
 * recipient addresses and email sent column.
*/
const RECIPIENT_COL  = "Recipient";
const EMAIL_SENT_COL = "Email Sent";

/** 
 * Creates the menu item "Mail Merge" for user to run scripts on drop-down.
 */
function onOpen() {
  const ui = SpreadsheetApp.getUi();
  ui.createMenu('Mail Merge')
      .addItem('Send Emails', 'sendEmails')
      .addToUi();
}

/**
 * Sends emails from sheet data.
 * @param {string} subjectLine (optional) for the email draft message
 * @param {Sheet} sheet to read data from
*/
function sendEmails(subjectLine, sheet=SpreadsheetApp.getActiveSheet()) {
  // option to skip browser prompt if you want to use this code in other projects
  if (!subjectLine){
    subjectLine = Browser.inputBox("Mail Merge", 
                                      "Type or copy/paste the subject line of the Gmail " +
                                      "draft message you would like to mail merge with:",
                                      Browser.Buttons.OK_CANCEL);

    if (subjectLine === "cancel" || subjectLine == ""){ 
    // If no subject line, finishes up
    return;
    }
  }

  // Gets the draft Gmail message to use as a template
  const emailTemplate = getGmailTemplateFromDrafts_(subjectLine);

  // Gets the data from the passed sheet
  const dataRange = sheet.getDataRange();
  // Fetches displayed values for each row in the Range HT Andrew Roberts 
  // https://mashe.hawksey.info/2020/04/a-bulk-email-mail-merge-with-gmail-and-google-sheets-solution-evolution-using-v8/#comment-187490
  // @see https://developers.google.com/apps-script/reference/spreadsheet/range#getdisplayvalues
  const data = dataRange.getDisplayValues();

  // Assumes row 1 contains our column headings
  const heads = data.shift(); 

  // Gets the index of the column named 'Email Status' (Assumes header names are unique)
  // @see http://ramblings.mcpher.com/Home/excelquirks/gooscript/arrayfunctions
  const emailSentColIdx = heads.indexOf(EMAIL_SENT_COL);

  // Converts 2d array into an object array
  // See https://stackoverflow.com/a/22917499/1027723
  // For a pretty version, see https://mashe.hawksey.info/?p=17869/#comment-184945
  const obj = data.map(r => (heads.reduce((o, k, i) => (o[k] = r[i] || '', o), {})));

  // Creates an array to record sent emails
  const out = [];

  // Loops through all the rows of data
  obj.forEach(function(row, rowIdx){
    // Only sends emails if email_sent cell is blank and not hidden by a filter
    if (row[EMAIL_SENT_COL] == ''){
      try {
        const msgObj = fillInTemplateFromObject_(emailTemplate.message, row);

        // See https://developers.google.com/apps-script/reference/gmail/gmail-app#sendEmail(String,String,String,Object)
        // If you need to send emails with unicode/emoji characters change GmailApp for MailApp
        // Uncomment advanced parameters as needed (see docs for limitations)
        GmailApp.sendEmail(row[RECIPIENT_COL], msgObj.subject, msgObj.text, {
          htmlBody: msgObj.html,
          // bcc: 'a.bcc@email.com',
          // cc: 'a.cc@email.com',
          // from: 'an.alias@email.com',
          // name: 'name of the sender',
          // replyTo: 'a.reply@email.com',
          // noReply: true, // if the email should be sent from a generic no-reply email address (not available to gmail.com users)
          attachments: emailTemplate.attachments,
          inlineImages: emailTemplate.inlineImages
        });
        // Edits cell to record email sent date
        out.push([new Date()]);
      } catch(e) {
        // modify cell to record error
        out.push([e.message]);
      }
    } else {
      out.push([row[EMAIL_SENT_COL]]);
    }
  });

  // Updates the sheet with new data
  sheet.getRange(2, emailSentColIdx+1, out.length).setValues(out);

  /**
   * Get a Gmail draft message by matching the subject line.
   * @param {string} subject_line to search for draft message
   * @return {object} containing the subject, plain and html message body and attachments
  */
  function getGmailTemplateFromDrafts_(subject_line){
    try {
      // get drafts
      const drafts = GmailApp.getDrafts();
      // filter the drafts that match subject line
      const draft = drafts.filter(subjectFilter_(subject_line))[0];
      // get the message object
      const msg = draft.getMessage();

      // Handles inline images and attachments so they can be included in the merge
      // Based on https://stackoverflow.com/a/65813881/1027723
      // Gets all attachments and inline image attachments
      const allInlineImages = draft.getMessage().getAttachments({includeInlineImages: true,includeAttachments:false});
      const attachments = draft.getMessage().getAttachments({includeInlineImages: false});
      const htmlBody = msg.getBody(); 

      // Creates an inline image object with the image name as key 
      // (can't rely on image index as array based on insert order)
      const img_obj = allInlineImages.reduce((obj, i) => (obj[i.getName()] = i, obj) ,{});

      //Regexp searches for all img string positions with cid
      const imgexp = RegExp('<img.*?src="cid:(.*?)".*?alt="(.*?)"[^\>]+>', 'g');
      const matches = [...htmlBody.matchAll(imgexp)];

      //Initiates the allInlineImages object
      const inlineImagesObj = {};
      // built an inlineImagesObj from inline image matches
      matches.forEach(match => inlineImagesObj[match[1]] = img_obj[match[2]]);

      return {message: {subject: subject_line, text: msg.getPlainBody(), html:htmlBody}, 
              attachments: attachments, inlineImages: inlineImagesObj };
    } catch(e) {
      throw new Error("Oops - can't find Gmail draft");
    }

    /**
     * Filter draft objects with the matching subject linemessage by matching the subject line.
     * @param {string} subject_line to search for draft message
     * @return {object} GmailDraft object
    */
    function subjectFilter_(subject_line){
      return function(element) {
        if (element.getMessage().getSubject() === subject_line) {
          return element;
        }
      }
    }
  }

  /**
   * Fill template string with data object
   * @see https://stackoverflow.com/a/378000/1027723
   * @param {string} template string containing {{}} markers which are replaced with data
   * @param {object} data object used to replace {{}} markers
   * @return {object} message replaced with data
  */
  function fillInTemplateFromObject_(template, data) {
    // We have two templates one for plain text and the html body
    // Stringifing the object means we can do a global replace
    let template_string = JSON.stringify(template);

    // Token replacement
    template_string = template_string.replace(/{{[^{}]+}}/g, key => {
      return escapeData_(data[key.replace(/[{}]+/g, "")] || "");
    });
    return  JSON.parse(template_string);
  }

  /**
   * Escape cell data to make JSON safe
   * @see https://stackoverflow.com/a/9204218/1027723
   * @param {string} str to escape JSON special characters from
   * @return {string} escaped string
  */
  function escapeData_(str) {
    return str
      .replace(/[\\]/g, '\\\\')
      .replace(/[\"]/g, '\\\"')
      .replace(/[\/]/g, '\\/')
      .replace(/[\b]/g, '\\b')
      .replace(/[\f]/g, '\\f')
      .replace(/[\n]/g, '\\n')
      .replace(/[\r]/g, '\\r')
      .replace(/[\t]/g, '\\t');
  };
}

Modifikasi

Anda dapat mengedit otomatisasi pembuatan email massal sesuai kebutuhan. Berikut adalah beberapa perubahan opsional yang dapat Anda buat pada kode sumber.

Tambahkan parameter Bcc, Cc, ReplyTo, atau Dari email

Kode contoh mencakup sejumlah parameter tambahan, yang saat ini dijadikan sebagai komentar, yang memungkinkan Anda mengontrol nama akun asal email, balasan ke alamat email, serta alamat email Bcc dan Cc.

Aktifkan parameter yang ingin Anda tambahkan dengan menghapus garis miring // di depan setiap parameter.

Contoh berikut menunjukkan kutipan dari fungsi sendEmails yang mengaktifkan sebagian besar parameter email: 

GmailApp.sendEmail(row[RECIPIENT_COL], msgObj.subject, msgObj.text, {
         htmlBody: msgObj.html,
         bcc: 'bcc@example.com',
         cc: 'cc@example.com',
         from: 'from.alias@example.com',
         name: 'name of the sender',
         replyTo: 'reply@example.com',
        // noReply: true, // if the email should be sent from a generic no-reply email address (not available to gmail.com users)

Dalam contoh di atas, parameter noReply masih dikomentari karena parameter replyTo ditetapkan.

Sertakan karakter unicode dalam email Anda

Jika ingin menyertakan karakter unicode, seperti emoji, di email, Anda harus memperbarui kode untuk menggunakan layanan Mail, bukan layanan Gmail.

Dalam kode contoh, perbarui baris berikut: 

GmailApp.sendEmail(row[RECIPIENT_COL], msgObj.subject, msgObj.text, {

Ganti baris dengan kode berikut: 

MailApp.sendEmail(row[RECIPIENT_COL], msgObj.subject, msgObj.text, {

Kontributor

Contoh ini dibuat oleh Martin Hawksey, Learning Design and Technology Lead di Edinburgh Futures Institute, blogger, dan Google Developer Expert.

Contoh ini dikelola oleh Google dengan bantuan Pakar Google Developers.

Langkah berikutnya