Place Autocomplete Data API

Place Autocomplete Data API 可讓您以程式設計方式擷取地點預測資料,藉此打造符合個人需求的自動完成體驗,並提供比自動完成小工具更精細的控制選項。本指南將說明如何使用 Place Autocomplete Data API,根據使用者查詢提出自動完成要求。

以下範例說明簡單的預測輸入整合功能。輸入搜尋查詢,然後按一下 選取所需結果。

Autocomplete 要求

自動完成要求會採用查詢輸入字串,並傳回地點預測結果清單。如要提出自動完成要求,請呼叫 fetchAutocompleteSuggestions(),並傳遞包含必要屬性的要求。input 屬性包含要搜尋的字串;在一般應用程式中,這個值會在使用者輸入查詢時更新。要求應包含用於計費的 sessionToken

以下程式碼片段說明如何建立要求主體並新增工作階段權杖,然後呼叫 fetchAutocompleteSuggestions() 以取得 PlacePrediction 清單。

// Add an initial request body.
let request = {
  input: "Tadi",
  locationRestriction: {
    west: -122.44,
    north: 37.8,
    east: -122.39,
    south: 37.78,
  },
  origin: { lat: 37.7893, lng: -122.4039 },
  includedPrimaryTypes: ["restaurant"],
  language: "en-US",
  region: "us",
};
// Create a session token.
const token = new AutocompleteSessionToken();

// Add the token to the request.
// @ts-ignore
request.sessionToken = token;

限制 Autocomplete 預測結果

根據預設,Place Autocomplete 會顯示所有地點類型 (優先顯示使用者所在位置附近的預測結果),並擷取使用者所選地點的所有可用資料欄位。您可以限制或自訂調整結果,將 Place Autocomplete 選項設為顯示更相關的預測結果。

限制結果後,Autocomplete 小工具會略過超出限制區域的所有結果。常見做法是將結果限制在地圖範圍內。自訂調整結果會讓 Autocomplete 小工具顯示指定區域內的結果,但有些相符項目可能會超出這個區域。

使用 origin 屬性指定起點,以便計算到目的地的大地測距。如果省略這個值,系統就不會傳回距離。

使用 includedPrimaryTypes 屬性指定最多五個地點類型。如果未指定類型,系統就會傳回所有類型的地點。

參閱 API 參考資料

取得 Place Details

如要從地點預測結果傳回 Place 物件,請先呼叫 toPlace(),然後在產生的 Place 物件上呼叫 fetchFields() (系統會自動納入地點預測的會話 ID)。呼叫 fetchFields() 會結束自動完成工作階段。

let place = suggestions[0].placePrediction.toPlace(); // Get first predicted place.

await place.fetchFields({
  fields: ["displayName", "formattedAddress"],
});

const placeInfo = document.getElementById("prediction");

placeInfo.textContent =
  "First predicted place: " +
  place.displayName +
  ": " +
  place.formattedAddress;

工作階段符記

工作階段符記會將使用者自動完成搜尋的查詢和選取階段歸入不同的工作階段,以用於計費。工作階段會在使用者開始輸入時開始。使用者選取地點並發出 Place Details 呼叫時,工作階段就會結束。

如要建立新的工作階段符記並將其新增至要求,請建立 AutocompleteSessionToken 的例項,然後設定要求的 sessionToken 屬性,以便使用符記,如以下程式碼片段所示:

// Create a session token.
const token = new AutocompleteSessionToken();

// Add the token to the request.
// @ts-ignore
request.sessionToken = token;

系統會在呼叫 fetchFields() 時結束工作階段。建立 Place 例項後,您不必將工作階段權杖傳遞至 fetchFields(),因為系統會自動處理。

await place.fetchFields({
  fields: ["displayName", "formattedAddress"],
});
await place.fetchFields({
    fields: ['displayName'],
  });

建立 AutocompleteSessionToken 的新例項,為下一個工作階段建立工作階段符記。

工作階段符記建議:

  • 在所有 Place Autocomplete 呼叫中使用工作階段符記。
  • 為每個工作階段產生新的符記。
  • 請為每個新的工作階段傳遞不重複的工作階段符記。如果多個工作階段使用同一個符記,則每個要求會分別計費。

您可以選擇從要求中省略自動完成工作階段符記。如果省略工作階段符記,系統會針對每項要求分別收費,並觸發 Autocomplete - Per Request SKU。假如您重複使用工作階段符記,系統會將工作階段視為無效,並針對相關要求收費 (因為系統會將其視為未提供工作階段符記)。

範例

使用者輸入查詢時,系統會每隔幾個按鍵 (不是每個字元) 呼叫一次自動完成要求,並傳回可能的結果清單。當使用者從結果清單中選取項目時,系統會將該選取項目視為一項要求,並將搜尋期間提出的所有要求合併計算為單一要求。如果使用者選取地點,系統就會免費提供搜尋查詢,只會收取地點資料要求的費用。如果使用者在工作階段開始後的幾分鐘內未選取任何項目,系統只會收取搜尋查詢費用。

從應用程式的角度來看,事件流程如下:

  1. 使用者開始輸入查詢,搜尋「巴黎 (法國)」。
  2. 在偵測到使用者輸入內容後,應用程式會建立新的「Token A」工作階段符記。
  3. 使用者輸入內容時,API 會每隔幾個字元發出自動完成要求,並為每個字元顯示新的可能結果清單:
    "P"
    "Par"
    "Paris,"
    "Paris, Fr"
  4. 使用者選取項目時:
    • 查詢產生的所有要求會分組,並以單一要求的形式新增至由「Token A」代表的工作階段。
    • 使用者的選項會計為 Place Detail 要求,並新增至由「Token A」代表的工作階段。
  5. 工作階段結束,應用程式會捨棄「Token A」。
瞭解工作階段的計費方式

完整程式碼範例

本節提供完整範例,說明如何使用 Place Autocomplete Data API。

Place Autocomplete 預測結果

以下範例示範如何針對輸入的「Tadi」呼叫 fetchAutocompleteSuggestions(),然後針對第一個預測結果呼叫 toPlace(),接著呼叫 fetchFields() 取得地點詳細資料。

TypeScript

/**
 * Demonstrates making a single request for Place predictions, then requests Place Details for the first result.
 */
async function init() {
    // @ts-ignore
    const { Place, AutocompleteSessionToken, AutocompleteSuggestion } = await google.maps.importLibrary("places") as google.maps.PlacesLibrary;

    // Add an initial request body.
    let request = {
        input: "Tadi",
        locationRestriction: { west: -122.44, north: 37.8, east: -122.39, south: 37.78 },
        origin: { lat: 37.7893, lng: -122.4039 },
        includedPrimaryTypes: ["restaurant"],
        language: "en-US",
        region: "us",
    };

    // Create a session token.
    const token = new AutocompleteSessionToken();
    // Add the token to the request.
    // @ts-ignore
    request.sessionToken = token;
    // Fetch autocomplete suggestions.
    const { suggestions } = await AutocompleteSuggestion.fetchAutocompleteSuggestions(request);

    const title = document.getElementById('title') as HTMLElement;
    title.appendChild(document.createTextNode('Query predictions for "' + request.input + '":'));

    for (let suggestion of suggestions) {
        const placePrediction = suggestion.placePrediction;

        // Create a new list element.
        const listItem = document.createElement('li');
        const resultsElement = document.getElementById("results") as HTMLElement;
        listItem.appendChild(document.createTextNode(placePrediction.text.toString()));
        resultsElement.appendChild(listItem);
    }

    let place = suggestions[0].placePrediction.toPlace(); // Get first predicted place.
    await place.fetchFields({
        fields: ['displayName', 'formattedAddress'],
    });

    const placeInfo = document.getElementById("prediction") as HTMLElement;
    placeInfo.textContent = 'First predicted place: ' + place.displayName + ': ' + place.formattedAddress;

}

init();

JavaScript

/**
 * Demonstrates making a single request for Place predictions, then requests Place Details for the first result.
 */
async function init() {
  // @ts-ignore
  const { Place, AutocompleteSessionToken, AutocompleteSuggestion } =
    await google.maps.importLibrary("places");
  // Add an initial request body.
  let request = {
    input: "Tadi",
    locationRestriction: {
      west: -122.44,
      north: 37.8,
      east: -122.39,
      south: 37.78,
    },
    origin: { lat: 37.7893, lng: -122.4039 },
    includedPrimaryTypes: ["restaurant"],
    language: "en-US",
    region: "us",
  };
  // Create a session token.
  const token = new AutocompleteSessionToken();

  // Add the token to the request.
  // @ts-ignore
  request.sessionToken = token;

  // Fetch autocomplete suggestions.
  const { suggestions } =
    await AutocompleteSuggestion.fetchAutocompleteSuggestions(request);
  const title = document.getElementById("title");

  title.appendChild(
    document.createTextNode('Query predictions for "' + request.input + '":'),
  );

  for (let suggestion of suggestions) {
    const placePrediction = suggestion.placePrediction;
    // Create a new list element.
    const listItem = document.createElement("li");
    const resultsElement = document.getElementById("results");

    listItem.appendChild(
      document.createTextNode(placePrediction.text.toString()),
    );
    resultsElement.appendChild(listItem);
  }

  let place = suggestions[0].placePrediction.toPlace(); // Get first predicted place.

  await place.fetchFields({
    fields: ["displayName", "formattedAddress"],
  });

  const placeInfo = document.getElementById("prediction");

  placeInfo.textContent =
    "First predicted place: " +
    place.displayName +
    ": " +
    place.formattedAddress;
}

init();

CSS

/* 
 * Always set the map height explicitly to define the size of the div element
 * that contains the map. 
 */
#map {
  height: 100%;
}

/* 
 * Optional: Makes the sample page fill the window. 
 */
html,
body {
  height: 100%;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
}

HTML

<html>
  <head>
    <title>Place Autocomplete Data API Predictions</title>

    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./style.css" />
    <script type="module" src="./index.js"></script>
  </head>
  <body>
    <div id="title"></div>
    <ul id="results"></ul>
    <p><span id="prediction"></span></p>
    <img
      class="powered-by-google"
      src="https://storage.googleapis.com/geo-devrel-public-buckets/powered_by_google_on_white.png"
      alt="Powered by Google"
    />

    <!-- prettier-ignore -->
    <script>(g=>{var h,a,k,p="The Google Maps JavaScript API",c="google",l="importLibrary",q="__ib__",m=document,b=window;b=b[c]||(b[c]={});var d=b.maps||(b.maps={}),r=new Set,e=new URLSearchParams,u=()=>h||(h=new Promise(async(f,n)=>{await (a=m.createElement("script"));e.set("libraries",[...r]+"");for(k in g)e.set(k.replace(/[A-Z]/g,t=>"_"+t[0].toLowerCase()),g[k]);e.set("callback",c+".maps."+q);a.src=`https://maps.${c}apis.com/maps/api/js?`+e;d[q]=f;a.onerror=()=>h=n(Error(p+" could not load."));a.nonce=m.querySelector("script[nonce]")?.nonce||"";m.head.append(a)}));d[l]?console.warn(p+" only loads once. Ignoring:",g):d[l]=(f,...n)=>r.add(f)&&u().then(()=>d[l](f,...n))})
        ({key: "AIzaSyB41DRUbKWJHPxaFjMAwdrzWzbVKartNGg", v: "weekly"});</script>
  </body>
</html>

測試範例

使用工作階段提供 Place Autocomplete 預先輸入功能

這個範例示範如何根據使用者查詢呼叫 fetchAutocompleteSuggestions(),在回應中顯示預測地點清單,最後擷取所選地點的詳細資料。這個範例也說明如何使用工作階段符記,將使用者查詢與最終 Place Details 要求分組。

TypeScript

let title;
let results;
let input;
let token;

// Add an initial request body.
let request = {
    input: "",
    locationRestriction: { west: -122.44, north: 37.8, east: -122.39, south: 37.78 },
    origin: { lat: 37.7893, lng: -122.4039 },
    includedPrimaryTypes: ["restaurant"],
    language: "en-US",
    region: "us",
};

async function init() {
    token = new google.maps.places.AutocompleteSessionToken();

    title = document.getElementById('title');
    results = document.getElementById('results');
    input = document.querySelector("input");
    input.addEventListener("input", makeAcRequest);
    request = refreshToken(request) as any;
}

async function makeAcRequest(input) {
    // Reset elements and exit if an empty string is received.
    if (input.target.value == '') {
        title.innerText = '';
        results.replaceChildren();
        return;
    }

    // Add the latest char sequence to the request.
    request.input = input.target.value;

    // Fetch autocomplete suggestions and show them in a list.
    // @ts-ignore
    const { suggestions } = await google.maps.places.AutocompleteSuggestion.fetchAutocompleteSuggestions(request);

    title.innerText = 'Query predictions for "' + request.input + '"';

    // Clear the list first.
    results.replaceChildren();

    for (const suggestion of suggestions) {
        const placePrediction = suggestion.placePrediction;

        // Create a link for the place, add an event handler to fetch the place.
        const a = document.createElement('a');
        a.addEventListener('click', () => {
            onPlaceSelected(placePrediction!.toPlace());
        });
        a.innerText = placePrediction!.text.toString();

        // Create a new list element.
        const li = document.createElement('li');
        li.appendChild(a);
        results.appendChild(li);
    }
}

// Event handler for clicking on a suggested place.
async function onPlaceSelected(place) {
    await place.fetchFields({
        fields: ['displayName', 'formattedAddress'],
    });
    let placeText = document.createTextNode(place.displayName + ': ' + place.formattedAddress);
    results.replaceChildren(placeText);
    title.innerText = 'Selected Place:';
    input.value = '';
    refreshToken(request);
}

// Helper function to refresh the session token.
async function refreshToken(request) {
    // Create a new session token and add it to the request.
    token = new google.maps.places.AutocompleteSessionToken();
    request.sessionToken = token;
    return request;
}

declare global {
    interface Window {
      init: () => void;
    }
  }
  window.init = init;

JavaScript

let title;
let results;
let input;
let token;
// Add an initial request body.
let request = {
  input: "",
  locationRestriction: {
    west: -122.44,
    north: 37.8,
    east: -122.39,
    south: 37.78,
  },
  origin: { lat: 37.7893, lng: -122.4039 },
  includedPrimaryTypes: ["restaurant"],
  language: "en-US",
  region: "us",
};

async function init() {
  token = new google.maps.places.AutocompleteSessionToken();
  title = document.getElementById("title");
  results = document.getElementById("results");
  input = document.querySelector("input");
  input.addEventListener("input", makeAcRequest);
  request = refreshToken(request);
}

async function makeAcRequest(input) {
  // Reset elements and exit if an empty string is received.
  if (input.target.value == "") {
    title.innerText = "";
    results.replaceChildren();
    return;
  }

  // Add the latest char sequence to the request.
  request.input = input.target.value;

  // Fetch autocomplete suggestions and show them in a list.
  // @ts-ignore
  const { suggestions } =
    await google.maps.places.AutocompleteSuggestion.fetchAutocompleteSuggestions(
      request,
    );

  title.innerText = 'Query predictions for "' + request.input + '"';
  // Clear the list first.
  results.replaceChildren();

  for (const suggestion of suggestions) {
    const placePrediction = suggestion.placePrediction;
    // Create a link for the place, add an event handler to fetch the place.
    const a = document.createElement("a");

    a.addEventListener("click", () => {
      onPlaceSelected(placePrediction.toPlace());
    });
    a.innerText = placePrediction.text.toString();

    // Create a new list element.
    const li = document.createElement("li");

    li.appendChild(a);
    results.appendChild(li);
  }
}

// Event handler for clicking on a suggested place.
async function onPlaceSelected(place) {
  await place.fetchFields({
    fields: ["displayName", "formattedAddress"],
  });

  let placeText = document.createTextNode(
    place.displayName + ": " + place.formattedAddress,
  );

  results.replaceChildren(placeText);
  title.innerText = "Selected Place:";
  input.value = "";
  refreshToken(request);
}

// Helper function to refresh the session token.
async function refreshToken(request) {
  // Create a new session token and add it to the request.
  token = new google.maps.places.AutocompleteSessionToken();
  request.sessionToken = token;
  return request;
}

window.init = init;

CSS

/* 
 * Always set the map height explicitly to define the size of the div element
 * that contains the map. 
 */
#map {
  height: 100%;
}

/* 
 * Optional: Makes the sample page fill the window. 
 */
html,
body {
  height: 100%;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
}

a {
  cursor: pointer;
  text-decoration: underline;
  color: blue;
}

input {
  width: 300px;
}

HTML

<html>
  <head>
    <title>Place Autocomplete Data API Session</title>

    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./style.css" />
    <script type="module" src="./index.js"></script>
  </head>
  <body>
    <input id="input" type="text" placeholder="Search for a place..." />
    <div id="title"></div>
    <ul id="results"></ul>
    <img
      class="powered-by-google"
      src="https://storage.googleapis.com/geo-devrel-public-buckets/powered_by_google_on_white.png"
      alt="Powered by Google"
    />

    <!-- 
      The `defer` attribute causes the script to execute after the full HTML
      document has been parsed. For non-blocking uses, avoiding race conditions,
      and consistent behavior across browsers, consider loading using Promises. See
      https://developers.google.com/maps/documentation/javascript/load-maps-js-api
      for more information.
      -->
    <script
      src="https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/js?key=AIzaSyB41DRUbKWJHPxaFjMAwdrzWzbVKartNGg&callback=init&libraries=places&v=weekly"
      defer
    ></script>
  </body>
</html>

測試範例