本頁面由 Cloud Translation API 翻譯而成。

線性總分解算器

本節說明「線性總和解題工具」，這是簡易指派問題的特殊解決工具，速度可能比 MIP 或 CP-SAT 解題工具更快。不過，MIP 和 CP-SAT 解析器可以處理更多種問題，因此在大多數情況下，這是最佳選項。

費用矩陣

工作站和工作的費用如下表所示。

工作站	工作 0	任務 1	任務 2	任務 3
0	90	76	75	70
1	35	85	55	65
2	125	95	90	105
3	45	110	95	115

以下各節說明 Python 程式，如何使用線性總和指派求解工具解決指派問題。

匯入程式庫

匯入所需程式庫的程式碼如下所示。

Python

import numpy as np

from ortools.graph.python import linear_sum_assignment

C++

#include "ortools/graph/assignment.h"

#include <cstdint>
#include <numeric>
#include <string>
#include <vector>

Java

import com.google.ortools.Loader;
import com.google.ortools.graph.LinearSumAssignment;
import java.util.stream.IntStream;

C#

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using Google.OrTools.Graph;

定義資料

使用下列程式碼為程式建立資料。

Python

costs = np.array(
    [
        [90, 76, 75, 70],
        [35, 85, 55, 65],
        [125, 95, 90, 105],
        [45, 110, 95, 115],
    ]
)

# Let's transform this into 3 parallel vectors (start_nodes, end_nodes,
# arc_costs)
end_nodes_unraveled, start_nodes_unraveled = np.meshgrid(
    np.arange(costs.shape[1]), np.arange(costs.shape[0])
)
start_nodes = start_nodes_unraveled.ravel()
end_nodes = end_nodes_unraveled.ravel()
arc_costs = costs.ravel()

C++

const int num_workers = 4;
std::vector<int> all_workers(num_workers);
std::iota(all_workers.begin(), all_workers.end(), 0);

const int num_tasks = 4;
std::vector<int> all_tasks(num_tasks);
std::iota(all_tasks.begin(), all_tasks.end(), 0);

const std::vector<std::vector<int>> costs = {{
    {{90, 76, 75, 70}},    // Worker 0
    {{35, 85, 55, 65}},    // Worker 1
    {{125, 95, 90, 105}},  // Worker 2
    {{45, 110, 95, 115}},  // Worker 3
}};

Java

final int[][] costs = {
    {90, 76, 75, 70},
    {35, 85, 55, 65},
    {125, 95, 90, 105},
    {45, 110, 95, 115},
};
final int numWorkers = 4;
final int numTasks = 4;

final int[] allWorkers = IntStream.range(0, numWorkers).toArray();
final int[] allTasks = IntStream.range(0, numTasks).toArray();

C#

int[,] costs = {
    { 90, 76, 75, 70 },
    { 35, 85, 55, 65 },
    { 125, 95, 90, 105 },
    { 45, 110, 95, 115 },
};
int numWorkers = 4;
int[] allWorkers = Enumerable.Range(0, numWorkers).ToArray();
int numTasks = 4;
int[] allTasks = Enumerable.Range(0, numTasks).ToArray();

陣列是費用矩陣，其中 i、j 項目是工作站 i 執行工作 j 的費用。有四個工作站，分別對應矩陣的資料列和四個工作。

建立解題工具

這個程式使用線性指派解題工具，這是指派問題專用的解題工具。

下列程式碼會建立解題工具。

Python

assignment = linear_sum_assignment.SimpleLinearSumAssignment()

C++

SimpleLinearSumAssignment assignment;

Java

LinearSumAssignment assignment = new LinearSumAssignment();

C#

LinearSumAssignment assignment = new LinearSumAssignment();

新增限制條件

下列程式碼會在工作站和工作上循環執行，將費用加到解題工具中。

Python

assignment.add_arcs_with_cost(start_nodes, end_nodes, arc_costs)

C++

for (int w : all_workers) {
  for (int t : all_tasks) {
    if (costs[w][t]) {
      assignment.AddArcWithCost(w, t, costs[w][t]);
    }
  }
}

Java

// Add each arc.
for (int w : allWorkers) {
  for (int t : allTasks) {
    if (costs[w][t] != 0) {
      assignment.addArcWithCost(w, t, costs[w][t]);
    }
  }
}

C#

// Add each arc.
foreach (int w in allWorkers)
{
    foreach (int t in allTasks)
    {
        if (costs[w, t] != 0)
        {
            assignment.AddArcWithCost(w, t, costs[w, t]);
        }
    }
}

叫用求解工具

下列程式碼會叫用解題工具。

Python

status = assignment.solve()

C++

SimpleLinearSumAssignment::Status status = assignment.Solve();

Java

LinearSumAssignment.Status status = assignment.solve();

C#

LinearSumAssignment.Status status = assignment.Solve();

顯示結果

下列程式碼顯示解決方案。

Python

if status == assignment.OPTIMAL:
    print(f"Total cost = {assignment.optimal_cost()}\n")
    for i in range(0, assignment.num_nodes()):
        print(
            f"Worker {i} assigned to task {assignment.right_mate(i)}."
            + f"  Cost = {assignment.assignment_cost(i)}"
        )
elif status == assignment.INFEASIBLE:
    print("No assignment is possible.")
elif status == assignment.POSSIBLE_OVERFLOW:
    print("Some input costs are too large and may cause an integer overflow.")

C++

if (status == SimpleLinearSumAssignment::OPTIMAL) {
  LOG(INFO) << "Total cost: " << assignment.OptimalCost();
  for (int worker : all_workers) {
    LOG(INFO) << "Worker " << std::to_string(worker) << " assigned to task "
              << std::to_string(assignment.RightMate(worker)) << ". Cost: "
              << std::to_string(assignment.AssignmentCost(worker)) << ".";
  }
} else {
  LOG(INFO) << "Solving the linear assignment problem failed.";
}

Java

if (status == LinearSumAssignment.Status.OPTIMAL) {
  System.out.println("Total cost: " + assignment.getOptimalCost());
  for (int worker : allWorkers) {
    System.out.println("Worker " + worker + " assigned to task "
        + assignment.getRightMate(worker) + ". Cost: " + assignment.getAssignmentCost(worker));
  }
} else {
  System.out.println("Solving the min cost flow problem failed.");
  System.out.println("Solver status: " + status);
}

C#

if (status == LinearSumAssignment.Status.OPTIMAL)
{
    Console.WriteLine($"Total cost: {assignment.OptimalCost()}.");
    foreach (int worker in allWorkers)
    {
        Console.WriteLine($"Worker {worker} assigned to task {assignment.RightMate(worker)}. " +
                          $"Cost: {assignment.AssignmentCost(worker)}.");
    }
}
else
{
    Console.WriteLine("Solving the linear assignment problem failed.");
    Console.WriteLine($"Solver status: {status}.");
}

下方輸出內容顯示了將工作站與工作的最佳指派作業。

Total cost = 265
Worker 0 assigned to task 3.  Cost = 70
Worker 1 assigned to task 2.  Cost = 55
Worker 2 assigned to task 1.  Cost = 95
Worker 3 assigned to task 0.  Cost = 45
Time = 0.000147 seconds

下圖顯示在圖表中以虛線邊緣顯示的解決方案。虛線邊緣旁的數字代表相關費用。這項指派的總等待時間是虛線費用的總和，也就是 265。

線性總和指派流程圖

圖理論上，雙分圖中的一組邊緣與左側每個節點完全相符，右側則只有一個節點，這就稱為「完美比對」。

整個計畫

以下是整個計畫。

Python

"""Solve assignment problem using linear assignment solver."""
import numpy as np

from ortools.graph.python import linear_sum_assignment


def main():
    """Linear Sum Assignment example."""
    assignment = linear_sum_assignment.SimpleLinearSumAssignment()

    costs = np.array(
        [
            [90, 76, 75, 70],
            [35, 85, 55, 65],
            [125, 95, 90, 105],
            [45, 110, 95, 115],
        ]
    )

    # Let's transform this into 3 parallel vectors (start_nodes, end_nodes,
    # arc_costs)
    end_nodes_unraveled, start_nodes_unraveled = np.meshgrid(
        np.arange(costs.shape[1]), np.arange(costs.shape[0])
    )
    start_nodes = start_nodes_unraveled.ravel()
    end_nodes = end_nodes_unraveled.ravel()
    arc_costs = costs.ravel()

    assignment.add_arcs_with_cost(start_nodes, end_nodes, arc_costs)

    status = assignment.solve()

    if status == assignment.OPTIMAL:
        print(f"Total cost = {assignment.optimal_cost()}\n")
        for i in range(0, assignment.num_nodes()):
            print(
                f"Worker {i} assigned to task {assignment.right_mate(i)}."
                + f"  Cost = {assignment.assignment_cost(i)}"
            )
    elif status == assignment.INFEASIBLE:
        print("No assignment is possible.")
    elif status == assignment.POSSIBLE_OVERFLOW:
        print("Some input costs are too large and may cause an integer overflow.")


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

C++

#include "ortools/graph/assignment.h"

#include <cstdint>
#include <numeric>
#include <string>
#include <vector>

namespace operations_research {
// Simple Linear Sum Assignment Problem (LSAP).
void AssignmentLinearSumAssignment() {
  SimpleLinearSumAssignment assignment;

  const int num_workers = 4;
  std::vector<int> all_workers(num_workers);
  std::iota(all_workers.begin(), all_workers.end(), 0);

  const int num_tasks = 4;
  std::vector<int> all_tasks(num_tasks);
  std::iota(all_tasks.begin(), all_tasks.end(), 0);

  const std::vector<std::vector<int>> costs = {{
      {{90, 76, 75, 70}},    // Worker 0
      {{35, 85, 55, 65}},    // Worker 1
      {{125, 95, 90, 105}},  // Worker 2
      {{45, 110, 95, 115}},  // Worker 3
  }};

  for (int w : all_workers) {
    for (int t : all_tasks) {
      if (costs[w][t]) {
        assignment.AddArcWithCost(w, t, costs[w][t]);
      }
    }
  }

  SimpleLinearSumAssignment::Status status = assignment.Solve();

  if (status == SimpleLinearSumAssignment::OPTIMAL) {
    LOG(INFO) << "Total cost: " << assignment.OptimalCost();
    for (int worker : all_workers) {
      LOG(INFO) << "Worker " << std::to_string(worker) << " assigned to task "
                << std::to_string(assignment.RightMate(worker)) << ". Cost: "
                << std::to_string(assignment.AssignmentCost(worker)) << ".";
    }
  } else {
    LOG(INFO) << "Solving the linear assignment problem failed.";
  }
}

}  // namespace operations_research

int main() {
  operations_research::AssignmentLinearSumAssignment();
  return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

Java

package com.google.ortools.graph.samples;
import com.google.ortools.Loader;
import com.google.ortools.graph.LinearSumAssignment;
import java.util.stream.IntStream;

/** Minimal Linear Sum Assignment problem. */
public class AssignmentLinearSumAssignment {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Loader.loadNativeLibraries();
    LinearSumAssignment assignment = new LinearSumAssignment();

    final int[][] costs = {
        {90, 76, 75, 70},
        {35, 85, 55, 65},
        {125, 95, 90, 105},
        {45, 110, 95, 115},
    };
    final int numWorkers = 4;
    final int numTasks = 4;

    final int[] allWorkers = IntStream.range(0, numWorkers).toArray();
    final int[] allTasks = IntStream.range(0, numTasks).toArray();

    // Add each arc.
    for (int w : allWorkers) {
      for (int t : allTasks) {
        if (costs[w][t] != 0) {
          assignment.addArcWithCost(w, t, costs[w][t]);
        }
      }
    }

    LinearSumAssignment.Status status = assignment.solve();

    if (status == LinearSumAssignment.Status.OPTIMAL) {
      System.out.println("Total cost: " + assignment.getOptimalCost());
      for (int worker : allWorkers) {
        System.out.println("Worker " + worker + " assigned to task "
            + assignment.getRightMate(worker) + ". Cost: " + assignment.getAssignmentCost(worker));
      }
    } else {
      System.out.println("Solving the min cost flow problem failed.");
      System.out.println("Solver status: " + status);
    }
  }

  private AssignmentLinearSumAssignment() {}
}

C#

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using Google.OrTools.Graph;

public class AssignmentLinearSumAssignment
{
    static void Main()
    {
        LinearSumAssignment assignment = new LinearSumAssignment();

        int[,] costs = {
            { 90, 76, 75, 70 },
            { 35, 85, 55, 65 },
            { 125, 95, 90, 105 },
            { 45, 110, 95, 115 },
        };
        int numWorkers = 4;
        int[] allWorkers = Enumerable.Range(0, numWorkers).ToArray();
        int numTasks = 4;
        int[] allTasks = Enumerable.Range(0, numTasks).ToArray();

        // Add each arc.
        foreach (int w in allWorkers)
        {
            foreach (int t in allTasks)
            {
                if (costs[w, t] != 0)
                {
                    assignment.AddArcWithCost(w, t, costs[w, t]);
                }
            }
        }

        LinearSumAssignment.Status status = assignment.Solve();

        if (status == LinearSumAssignment.Status.OPTIMAL)
        {
            Console.WriteLine($"Total cost: {assignment.OptimalCost()}.");
            foreach (int worker in allWorkers)
            {
                Console.WriteLine($"Worker {worker} assigned to task {assignment.RightMate(worker)}. " +
                                  $"Cost: {assignment.AssignmentCost(worker)}.");
            }
        }
        else
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Solving the linear assignment problem failed.");
            Console.WriteLine($"Solver status: {status}.");
        }
    }
}

工作站無法執行所有工作時使用的解決方案

在上一個範例中，我們假設所有工作站都可以執行所有工作。不過，這也不例外，工作站可能會因各種原因而無法執行一或多項工作。不過，您可以輕鬆修改上述程式以處理這種情況。

舉例來說，假設工作站 0 無法執行工作 3。如要修改程式來考量這一點，請進行下列變更：

將費用矩陣的 0、3 項目變更為 'NA' 字串。(任何字串都可以)。

cost = [[90, 76, 75, 'NA'],
    [35, 85, 55, 65],
    [125, 95, 90, 105],
    [45, 110, 95, 115]]

在將費用指派給解題工具的程式碼部分中，新增 if cost[worker][task] != 'NA': 這一行，如下所示。
```
for worker in range(0, rows):
for task in range(0, cols):
  if cost[worker][task] != 'NA':
    assignment.AddArcWithCost(worker, task, cost[worker][task])
```
新增的行會防止費用矩陣中為 'NA' 的任何邊緣新增至解析器。

進行這些變更並執行修改過的程式碼後，您會看到以下輸出結果：

Total cost = 276
Worker 0 assigned to task 1.  Cost = 76
Worker 1 assigned to task 3.  Cost = 65
Worker 2 assigned to task 2.  Cost = 90
Worker 3 assigned to task 0.  Cost = 45

請注意，總費用現在比原始問題的費用高。這不合理，因為在原始問題中，最佳解決方案是指派給工作 3 的工作站 3，而在修改後的問題中不允許指派。

如要瞭解如果有更多工作站無法執行工作，您可以將費用矩陣的更多項目替換為 'NA'，表示其他無法執行某些工作的工作站：

cost = [[90, 76, 'NA', 'NA'],
        [35, 85, 'NA', 'NA'],
        [125, 95, 'NA','NA'],
        [45, 110, 95, 115]]

這次執行該程式時，您會得到負面結果：

No assignment is possible.

這表示系統無法將工作站指派給工作，因此每個工作站都會執行不同的工作。如要瞭解原因，請查看問題的圖表 (在費用矩陣中沒有對應 'NA' 值的邊緣)。

線性總和指派解決方案流程圖

由於三個工作站 0、1 和 2 的節點只連線至工作 0 和 1 的兩個節點，因此無法將不同的工作指派給這些工作站。

婚姻定理

圖形理論中有一個廣為人知的結果，稱為「婚姻定理」，它會指出何時您可以將左側的每個節點指派給右側的不同節點，如上圖所示。這種指派作業稱為「完美比對」。簡單來說，定理說如果左側沒有任何節點子集 (例如上一個範例中的節點)，其邊緣通往右側較小的節點組合，就可能發生這種情況。

更準確地說，定理指出兩個圖形只有在圖表左側有節點子集的 S 時，才會有完美的比對，而在圖表右側，由邊緣連結至 S 中節點的節點組合至少和 S 一樣大。