בקטעים הבאים תוצג דוגמה לזרימה מקסימלית (זרימה מקסימלית).
דוגמה לזרימה מקסימלית
הבעיה מוגדרת באמצעות הגרף הבא, שמייצג תחבורה רשת:
אתם רוצים להעביר חומר מצומת 0 (המקור) לצומת 4 (החלק sink). המספרים שליד הקשתות הם הקיבולת שלהן — הקיבולת של קשת היא הקיבולת המקסימלית שאפשר לעבור דרכה בפרק זמן קבוע מראש. הקיבולת היא המגבלות של הבעיה.
זרימה היא הקצאה של מספר לא שלילי לכל קשת flow amount) שעומד בכלל שימור הזרימה הבא:
בעיית הזרימה המקסימלית היא למצוא זרימה שבה סכום הסכומים של הזרימה הרשת כולה גדולה ככל האפשר.
בקטעים הבאים מוצגות תוכניות למציאת הזרימה המקסימלית של מהמקור (0) ל-sink (4).
ייבוא הספריות
הקוד הבא מייבא את הספרייה הנדרשת.
Python
import numpy as np from ortools.graph.python import max_flow
C++
#include <cstdint> #include <vector> #include "ortools/graph/max_flow.h"
Java
import com.google.ortools.Loader; import com.google.ortools.graph.MaxFlow;
C#
using System; using Google.OrTools.Graph;
להצהיר על הפתרון
כדי לפתור את הבעיה, אפשר להשתמש פותר SimpleMaxFlow.
Python
# Instantiate a SimpleMaxFlow solver. smf = max_flow.SimpleMaxFlow()
C++
// Instantiate a SimpleMaxFlow solver. SimpleMaxFlow max_flow;
Java
// Instantiate a SimpleMaxFlow solver. MaxFlow maxFlow = new MaxFlow();
C#
// Instantiate a SimpleMaxFlow solver. MaxFlow maxFlow = new MaxFlow();
הגדרת הנתונים
מגדירים את התרשים לבעיה בשלושה מערכים, עבור צומתי ההתחלה, הסיום והקיבולת של הקשתות. האורך של כל מערך שווה למספר קשתות בגרף.
לכל i, קשת i עוברת מ-start_nodes[i]
ל-end_nodes[i]
, והקיבולת שלה
ניתן על ידי capacities[i]
. בחלק הבא מוסבר איך ליצור את הקשתות בעזרת
בנתונים האלה.
Python
# Define three parallel arrays: start_nodes, end_nodes, and the capacities # between each pair. For instance, the arc from node 0 to node 1 has a # capacity of 20. start_nodes = np.array([0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3]) end_nodes = np.array([1, 2, 3, 2, 4, 3, 4, 2, 4]) capacities = np.array([20, 30, 10, 40, 30, 10, 20, 5, 20])
C++
// Define three parallel arrays: start_nodes, end_nodes, and the capacities // between each pair. For instance, the arc from node 0 to node 1 has a // capacity of 20. std::vector<int64_t> start_nodes = {0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3}; std::vector<int64_t> end_nodes = {1, 2, 3, 2, 4, 3, 4, 2, 4}; std::vector<int64_t> capacities = {20, 30, 10, 40, 30, 10, 20, 5, 20};
Java
// Define three parallel arrays: start_nodes, end_nodes, and the capacities // between each pair. For instance, the arc from node 0 to node 1 has a // capacity of 20. // From Taha's 'Introduction to Operations Research', // example 6.4-2. int[] startNodes = new int[] {0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3}; int[] endNodes = new int[] {1, 2, 3, 2, 4, 3, 4, 2, 4}; int[] capacities = new int[] {20, 30, 10, 40, 30, 10, 20, 5, 20};
C#
// Define three parallel arrays: start_nodes, end_nodes, and the capacities // between each pair. For instance, the arc from node 0 to node 1 has a // capacity of 20. // From Taha's 'Introduction to Operations Research', // example 6.4-2. int[] startNodes = { 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3 }; int[] endNodes = { 1, 2, 3, 2, 4, 3, 4, 2, 4 }; int[] capacities = { 20, 30, 10, 40, 30, 10, 20, 5, 20 };
מוסיפים את הקשתות
לכל צומת התחלה וצומת סיום, עליך ליצור קשת מצומת ההתחלה לצומת הסיום עם הקיבולת הנתונה, באמצעות השיטה AddArcWithCapacity. הקיבולת הן המגבלות לבעיה.
Python
# Add arcs in bulk. # note: we could have used add_arc_with_capacity(start, end, capacity) all_arcs = smf.add_arcs_with_capacity(start_nodes, end_nodes, capacities)
C++
// Add each arc. for (int i = 0; i < start_nodes.size(); ++i) { max_flow.AddArcWithCapacity(start_nodes[i], end_nodes[i], capacities[i]); }
Java
// Add each arc. for (int i = 0; i < startNodes.length; ++i) { int arc = maxFlow.addArcWithCapacity(startNodes[i], endNodes[i], capacities[i]); if (arc != i) { throw new Exception("Internal error"); } }
C#
// Add each arc. for (int i = 0; i < startNodes.Length; ++i) { int arc = maxFlow.AddArcWithCapacity(startNodes[i], endNodes[i], capacities[i]); if (arc != i) throw new Exception("Internal error"); }
הפעלת הפותר
עכשיו, לאחר שכל הקשתות הוגדרו, נותר רק להפעיל את
ולפתור את התוצאות. אתם מפעילים את השיטה Solve()
, ומספקים את
source (0) ו-sink (4).
Python
# Find the maximum flow between node 0 and node 4. status = smf.solve(0, 4)
C++
// Find the maximum flow between node 0 and node 4. int status = max_flow.Solve(0, 4);
Java
// Find the maximum flow between node 0 and node 4. MaxFlow.Status status = maxFlow.solve(0, 4);
C#
// Find the maximum flow between node 0 and node 4. MaxFlow.Status status = maxFlow.Solve(0, 4);
הצגת התוצאות
עכשיו אפשר להציג את הזרימה בכל קשת.
Python
if status != smf.OPTIMAL: print("There was an issue with the max flow input.") print(f"Status: {status}") exit(1) print("Max flow:", smf.optimal_flow()) print("") print(" Arc Flow / Capacity") solution_flows = smf.flows(all_arcs) for arc, flow, capacity in zip(all_arcs, solution_flows, capacities): print(f"{smf.tail(arc)} / {smf.head(arc)} {flow:3} / {capacity:3}") print("Source side min-cut:", smf.get_source_side_min_cut()) print("Sink side min-cut:", smf.get_sink_side_min_cut())
C++
if (status == MaxFlow::OPTIMAL) { LOG(INFO) << "Max flow: " << max_flow.OptimalFlow(); LOG(INFO) << ""; LOG(INFO) << " Arc Flow / Capacity"; for (std::size_t i = 0; i < max_flow.NumArcs(); ++i) { LOG(INFO) << max_flow.Tail(i) << " -> " << max_flow.Head(i) << " " << max_flow.Flow(i) << " / " << max_flow.Capacity(i); } } else { LOG(INFO) << "Solving the max flow problem failed. Solver status: " << status; }
Java
if (status == MaxFlow.Status.OPTIMAL) { System.out.println("Max. flow: " + maxFlow.getOptimalFlow()); System.out.println(); System.out.println(" Arc Flow / Capacity"); for (int i = 0; i < maxFlow.getNumArcs(); ++i) { System.out.println(maxFlow.getTail(i) + " -> " + maxFlow.getHead(i) + " " + maxFlow.getFlow(i) + " / " + maxFlow.getCapacity(i)); } } else { System.out.println("Solving the max flow problem failed. Solver status: " + status); }
C#
if (status == MaxFlow.Status.OPTIMAL) { Console.WriteLine("Max. flow: " + maxFlow.OptimalFlow()); Console.WriteLine(""); Console.WriteLine(" Arc Flow / Capacity"); for (int i = 0; i < maxFlow.NumArcs(); ++i) { Console.WriteLine(maxFlow.Tail(i) + " -> " + maxFlow.Head(i) + " " + string.Format("{0,3}", maxFlow.Flow(i)) + " / " + string.Format("{0,3}", maxFlow.Capacity(i))); } } else { Console.WriteLine("Solving the max flow problem failed. Solver status: " + status); }
זה הפלט של התוכנית:
Max flow: 60 Arc Flow / Capacity 0 -> 1 20 / 20 0 -> 2 30 / 30 0 -> 3 10 / 10 1 -> 2 0 / 40 1 -> 4 20 / 30 2 -> 3 10 / 10 2 -> 4 20 / 20 3 -> 2 0 / 5 3 -> 4 20 / 20 Source side min-cut: [0] Sink side min-cut: [4, 1]
סכומי הזרימה בכל קשת מוצגים תחת Flow
.
השלמת תוכניות
הנה התוכניות המלאות, שריכזנו כאן את כל המידע.
Python
"""From Taha 'Introduction to Operations Research', example 6.4-2.""" import numpy as np from ortools.graph.python import max_flow def main(): """MaxFlow simple interface example.""" # Instantiate a SimpleMaxFlow solver. smf = max_flow.SimpleMaxFlow() # Define three parallel arrays: start_nodes, end_nodes, and the capacities # between each pair. For instance, the arc from node 0 to node 1 has a # capacity of 20. start_nodes = np.array([0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3]) end_nodes = np.array([1, 2, 3, 2, 4, 3, 4, 2, 4]) capacities = np.array([20, 30, 10, 40, 30, 10, 20, 5, 20]) # Add arcs in bulk. # note: we could have used add_arc_with_capacity(start, end, capacity) all_arcs = smf.add_arcs_with_capacity(start_nodes, end_nodes, capacities) # Find the maximum flow between node 0 and node 4. status = smf.solve(0, 4) if status != smf.OPTIMAL: print("There was an issue with the max flow input.") print(f"Status: {status}") exit(1) print("Max flow:", smf.optimal_flow()) print("") print(" Arc Flow / Capacity") solution_flows = smf.flows(all_arcs) for arc, flow, capacity in zip(all_arcs, solution_flows, capacities): print(f"{smf.tail(arc)} / {smf.head(arc)} {flow:3} / {capacity:3}") print("Source side min-cut:", smf.get_source_side_min_cut()) print("Sink side min-cut:", smf.get_sink_side_min_cut()) if __name__ == "__main__": main()
C++
// From Taha 'Introduction to Operations Research', example 6.4-2.""" #include <cstdint> #include <vector> #include "ortools/graph/max_flow.h" namespace operations_research { // MaxFlow simple interface example. void SimpleMaxFlowProgram() { // Instantiate a SimpleMaxFlow solver. SimpleMaxFlow max_flow; // Define three parallel arrays: start_nodes, end_nodes, and the capacities // between each pair. For instance, the arc from node 0 to node 1 has a // capacity of 20. std::vector<int64_t> start_nodes = {0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3}; std::vector<int64_t> end_nodes = {1, 2, 3, 2, 4, 3, 4, 2, 4}; std::vector<int64_t> capacities = {20, 30, 10, 40, 30, 10, 20, 5, 20}; // Add each arc. for (int i = 0; i < start_nodes.size(); ++i) { max_flow.AddArcWithCapacity(start_nodes[i], end_nodes[i], capacities[i]); } // Find the maximum flow between node 0 and node 4. int status = max_flow.Solve(0, 4); if (status == MaxFlow::OPTIMAL) { LOG(INFO) << "Max flow: " << max_flow.OptimalFlow(); LOG(INFO) << ""; LOG(INFO) << " Arc Flow / Capacity"; for (std::size_t i = 0; i < max_flow.NumArcs(); ++i) { LOG(INFO) << max_flow.Tail(i) << " -> " << max_flow.Head(i) << " " << max_flow.Flow(i) << " / " << max_flow.Capacity(i); } } else { LOG(INFO) << "Solving the max flow problem failed. Solver status: " << status; } } } // namespace operations_research int main() { operations_research::SimpleMaxFlowProgram(); return EXIT_SUCCESS; }
Java
package com.google.ortools.graph.samples; import com.google.ortools.Loader; import com.google.ortools.graph.MaxFlow; /** Minimal MaxFlow program. */ public final class SimpleMaxFlowProgram { public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { Loader.loadNativeLibraries(); // Instantiate a SimpleMaxFlow solver. MaxFlow maxFlow = new MaxFlow(); // Define three parallel arrays: start_nodes, end_nodes, and the capacities // between each pair. For instance, the arc from node 0 to node 1 has a // capacity of 20. // From Taha's 'Introduction to Operations Research', // example 6.4-2. int[] startNodes = new int[] {0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3}; int[] endNodes = new int[] {1, 2, 3, 2, 4, 3, 4, 2, 4}; int[] capacities = new int[] {20, 30, 10, 40, 30, 10, 20, 5, 20}; // Add each arc. for (int i = 0; i < startNodes.length; ++i) { int arc = maxFlow.addArcWithCapacity(startNodes[i], endNodes[i], capacities[i]); if (arc != i) { throw new Exception("Internal error"); } } // Find the maximum flow between node 0 and node 4. MaxFlow.Status status = maxFlow.solve(0, 4); if (status == MaxFlow.Status.OPTIMAL) { System.out.println("Max. flow: " + maxFlow.getOptimalFlow()); System.out.println(); System.out.println(" Arc Flow / Capacity"); for (int i = 0; i < maxFlow.getNumArcs(); ++i) { System.out.println(maxFlow.getTail(i) + " -> " + maxFlow.getHead(i) + " " + maxFlow.getFlow(i) + " / " + maxFlow.getCapacity(i)); } } else { System.out.println("Solving the max flow problem failed. Solver status: " + status); } } private SimpleMaxFlowProgram() {} }
C#
// From Taha 'Introduction to Operations Research', example 6.4-2. using System; using Google.OrTools.Graph; public class SimpleMaxFlowProgram { static void Main() { // Instantiate a SimpleMaxFlow solver. MaxFlow maxFlow = new MaxFlow(); // Define three parallel arrays: start_nodes, end_nodes, and the capacities // between each pair. For instance, the arc from node 0 to node 1 has a // capacity of 20. // From Taha's 'Introduction to Operations Research', // example 6.4-2. int[] startNodes = { 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3 }; int[] endNodes = { 1, 2, 3, 2, 4, 3, 4, 2, 4 }; int[] capacities = { 20, 30, 10, 40, 30, 10, 20, 5, 20 }; // Add each arc. for (int i = 0; i < startNodes.Length; ++i) { int arc = maxFlow.AddArcWithCapacity(startNodes[i], endNodes[i], capacities[i]); if (arc != i) throw new Exception("Internal error"); } // Find the maximum flow between node 0 and node 4. MaxFlow.Status status = maxFlow.Solve(0, 4); if (status == MaxFlow.Status.OPTIMAL) { Console.WriteLine("Max. flow: " + maxFlow.OptimalFlow()); Console.WriteLine(""); Console.WriteLine(" Arc Flow / Capacity"); for (int i = 0; i < maxFlow.NumArcs(); ++i) { Console.WriteLine(maxFlow.Tail(i) + " -> " + maxFlow.Head(i) + " " + string.Format("{0,3}", maxFlow.Flow(i)) + " / " + string.Format("{0,3}", maxFlow.Capacity(i))); } } else { Console.WriteLine("Solving the max flow problem failed. Solver status: " + status); } } }