在「車輛轉送問題 (VRP)」部分，我們的目標是為前往一組地點的多輛車找出最佳路線。(如果只有一輛車，這樣可以減少旅遊銷售員問題)。
但 VRP 的「最佳路線」是什麼意思？一個答案是總距離最低的路線不過，如果沒有其他限制，最佳解決方案就是只指派一輛車來造訪所有地點，並找出該車輛的最短路線。這與 TSP 大致相同。
定義最佳路線的更好的方法，是盡量縮短所有車輛之間的最長單一路線。如果目標是盡快完成所有提交作業，那麼這個定義即可。下方的 VRP 範例以此方法找出最佳路線。
後續章節將說明其他在車輛上新增限制以將 TSP 一般化的方式，包括：
VRP 範例
本節提供的 VRP 範例旨在盡量減少最長的單一路線。
假設某間公司需要拜訪由相同矩形區塊組成的城市。 下方顯示城市圖，公司地點以黑色標示，並以藍色顯示要造訪的地點。
使用 OR-Tools 解決 VRP 範例
以下各節將說明如何使用 OR-Tools 解決 VRP 範例。
建立資料
下列函式會建立問題資料。
Python
def create_data_model():
"""Stores the data for the problem."""
data = {}
data["distance_matrix"] = [
# fmt: off
[0, 548, 776, 696, 582, 274, 502, 194, 308, 194, 536, 502, 388, 354, 468, 776, 662],
[548, 0, 684, 308, 194, 502, 730, 354, 696, 742, 1084, 594, 480, 674, 1016, 868, 1210],
[776, 684, 0, 992, 878, 502, 274, 810, 468, 742, 400, 1278, 1164, 1130, 788, 1552, 754],
[696, 308, 992, 0, 114, 650, 878, 502, 844, 890, 1232, 514, 628, 822, 1164, 560, 1358],
[582, 194, 878, 114, 0, 536, 764, 388, 730, 776, 1118, 400, 514, 708, 1050, 674, 1244],
[274, 502, 502, 650, 536, 0, 228, 308, 194, 240, 582, 776, 662, 628, 514, 1050, 708],
[502, 730, 274, 878, 764, 228, 0, 536, 194, 468, 354, 1004, 890, 856, 514, 1278, 480],
[194, 354, 810, 502, 388, 308, 536, 0, 342, 388, 730, 468, 354, 320, 662, 742, 856],
[308, 696, 468, 844, 730, 194, 194, 342, 0, 274, 388, 810, 696, 662, 320, 1084, 514],
[194, 742, 742, 890, 776, 240, 468, 388, 274, 0, 342, 536, 422, 388, 274, 810, 468],
[536, 1084, 400, 1232, 1118, 582, 354, 730, 388, 342, 0, 878, 764, 730, 388, 1152, 354],
[502, 594, 1278, 514, 400, 776, 1004, 468, 810, 536, 878, 0, 114, 308, 650, 274, 844],
[388, 480, 1164, 628, 514, 662, 890, 354, 696, 422, 764, 114, 0, 194, 536, 388, 730],
[354, 674, 1130, 822, 708, 628, 856, 320, 662, 388, 730, 308, 194, 0, 342, 422, 536],
[468, 1016, 788, 1164, 1050, 514, 514, 662, 320, 274, 388, 650, 536, 342, 0, 764, 194],
[776, 868, 1552, 560, 674, 1050, 1278, 742, 1084, 810, 1152, 274, 388, 422, 764, 0, 798],
[662, 1210, 754, 1358, 1244, 708, 480, 856, 514, 468, 354, 844, 730, 536, 194, 798, 0],
# fmt: on
]
data["num_vehicles"] = 4
data["depot"] = 0
return data
C++
struct DataModel {
const std::vector<std::vector<int64_t>> distance_matrix{
{0, 548, 776, 696, 582, 274, 502, 194, 308, 194, 536, 502, 388, 354, 468,
776, 662},
{548, 0, 684, 308, 194, 502, 730, 354, 696, 742, 1084, 594, 480, 674,
1016, 868, 1210},
{776, 684, 0, 992, 878, 502, 274, 810, 468, 742, 400, 1278, 1164, 1130,
788, 1552, 754},
{696, 308, 992, 0, 114, 650, 878, 502, 844, 890, 1232, 514, 628, 822,
1164, 560, 1358},
{582, 194, 878, 114, 0, 536, 764, 388, 730, 776, 1118, 400, 514, 708,
1050, 674, 1244},
{274, 502, 502, 650, 536, 0, 228, 308, 194, 240, 582, 776, 662, 628, 514,
1050, 708},
{502, 730, 274, 878, 764, 228, 0, 536, 194, 468, 354, 1004, 890, 856, 514,
1278, 480},
{194, 354, 810, 502, 388, 308, 536, 0, 342, 388, 730, 468, 354, 320, 662,
742, 856},
{308, 696, 468, 844, 730, 194, 194, 342, 0, 274, 388, 810, 696, 662, 320,
1084, 514},
{194, 742, 742, 890, 776, 240, 468, 388, 274, 0, 342, 536, 422, 388, 274,
810, 468},
{536, 1084, 400, 1232, 1118, 582, 354, 730, 388, 342, 0, 878, 764, 730,
388, 1152, 354},
{502, 594, 1278, 514, 400, 776, 1004, 468, 810, 536, 878, 0, 114, 308,
650, 274, 844},
{388, 480, 1164, 628, 514, 662, 890, 354, 696, 422, 764, 114, 0, 194, 536,
388, 730},
{354, 674, 1130, 822, 708, 628, 856, 320, 662, 388, 730, 308, 194, 0, 342,
422, 536},
{468, 1016, 788, 1164, 1050, 514, 514, 662, 320, 274, 388, 650, 536, 342,
0, 764, 194},
{776, 868, 1552, 560, 674, 1050, 1278, 742, 1084, 810, 1152, 274, 388,
422, 764, 0, 798},
{662, 1210, 754, 1358, 1244, 708, 480, 856, 514, 468, 354, 844, 730, 536,
194, 798, 0},
};
const int num_vehicles = 4;
const RoutingIndexManager::NodeIndex depot{0};
};
Java
static class DataModel {
public final long[][] distanceMatrix = {
{0, 548, 776, 696, 582, 274, 502, 194, 308, 194, 536, 502, 388, 354, 468, 776, 662},
{548, 0, 684, 308, 194, 502, 730, 354, 696, 742, 1084, 594, 480, 674, 1016, 868, 1210},
{776, 684, 0, 992, 878, 502, 274, 810, 468, 742, 400, 1278, 1164, 1130, 788, 1552, 754},
{696, 308, 992, 0, 114, 650, 878, 502, 844, 890, 1232, 514, 628, 822, 1164, 560, 1358},
{582, 194, 878, 114, 0, 536, 764, 388, 730, 776, 1118, 400, 514, 708, 1050, 674, 1244},
{274, 502, 502, 650, 536, 0, 228, 308, 194, 240, 582, 776, 662, 628, 514, 1050, 708},
{502, 730, 274, 878, 764, 228, 0, 536, 194, 468, 354, 1004, 890, 856, 514, 1278, 480},
{194, 354, 810, 502, 388, 308, 536, 0, 342, 388, 730, 468, 354, 320, 662, 742, 856},
{308, 696, 468, 844, 730, 194, 194, 342, 0, 274, 388, 810, 696, 662, 320, 1084, 514},
{194, 742, 742, 890, 776, 240, 468, 388, 274, 0, 342, 536, 422, 388, 274, 810, 468},
{536, 1084, 400, 1232, 1118, 582, 354, 730, 388, 342, 0, 878, 764, 730, 388, 1152, 354},
{502, 594, 1278, 514, 400, 776, 1004, 468, 810, 536, 878, 0, 114, 308, 650, 274, 844},
{388, 480, 1164, 628, 514, 662, 890, 354, 696, 422, 764, 114, 0, 194, 536, 388, 730},
{354, 674, 1130, 822, 708, 628, 856, 320, 662, 388, 730, 308, 194, 0, 342, 422, 536},
{468, 1016, 788, 1164, 1050, 514, 514, 662, 320, 274, 388, 650, 536, 342, 0, 764, 194},
{776, 868, 1552, 560, 674, 1050, 1278, 742, 1084, 810, 1152, 274, 388, 422, 764, 0, 798},
{662, 1210, 754, 1358, 1244, 708, 480, 856, 514, 468, 354, 844, 730, 536, 194, 798, 0},
};
public final int vehicleNumber = 4;
public final int depot = 0;
}
C#
class DataModel
{
public long[,] DistanceMatrix = {
{ 0, 548, 776, 696, 582, 274, 502, 194, 308, 194, 536, 502, 388, 354, 468, 776, 662 },
{ 548, 0, 684, 308, 194, 502, 730, 354, 696, 742, 1084, 594, 480, 674, 1016, 868, 1210 },
{ 776, 684, 0, 992, 878, 502, 274, 810, 468, 742, 400, 1278, 1164, 1130, 788, 1552, 754 },
{ 696, 308, 992, 0, 114, 650, 878, 502, 844, 890, 1232, 514, 628, 822, 1164, 560, 1358 },
{ 582, 194, 878, 114, 0, 536, 764, 388, 730, 776, 1118, 400, 514, 708, 1050, 674, 1244 },
{ 274, 502, 502, 650, 536, 0, 228, 308, 194, 240, 582, 776, 662, 628, 514, 1050, 708 },
{ 502, 730, 274, 878, 764, 228, 0, 536, 194, 468, 354, 1004, 890, 856, 514, 1278, 480 },
{ 194, 354, 810, 502, 388, 308, 536, 0, 342, 388, 730, 468, 354, 320, 662, 742, 856 },
{ 308, 696, 468, 844, 730, 194, 194, 342, 0, 274, 388, 810, 696, 662, 320, 1084, 514 },
{ 194, 742, 742, 890, 776, 240, 468, 388, 274, 0, 342, 536, 422, 388, 274, 810, 468 },
{ 536, 1084, 400, 1232, 1118, 582, 354, 730, 388, 342, 0, 878, 764, 730, 388, 1152, 354 },
{ 502, 594, 1278, 514, 400, 776, 1004, 468, 810, 536, 878, 0, 114, 308, 650, 274, 844 },
{ 388, 480, 1164, 628, 514, 662, 890, 354, 696, 422, 764, 114, 0, 194, 536, 388, 730 },
{ 354, 674, 1130, 822, 708, 628, 856, 320, 662, 388, 730, 308, 194, 0, 342, 422, 536 },
{ 468, 1016, 788, 1164, 1050, 514, 514, 662, 320, 274, 388, 650, 536, 342, 0, 764, 194 },
{ 776, 868, 1552, 560, 674, 1050, 1278, 742, 1084, 810, 1152, 274, 388, 422, 764, 0, 798 },
{ 662, 1210, 754, 1358, 1244, 708, 480, 856, 514, 468, 354, 844, 730, 536, 194, 798, 0 }
};
public int VehicleNumber = 4;
public int Depot = 0;
};
這類資料包括：
distance_matrix：地點之間的距離陣列，單位為公尺。num_vehicles：機群中的車輛數量。depot：庫地的索引，即所有車輛的起點和終點位置。
位置座標
如要設定範例並計算距離矩陣，我們已將下列 x 至 y 座標指派給城市圖表所示的位置：
[(456, 320), # location 0 - the depot (228, 0), # location 1 (912, 0), # location 2 (0, 80), # location 3 (114, 80), # location 4 (570, 160), # location 5 (798, 160), # location 6 (342, 240), # location 7 (684, 240), # location 8 (570, 400), # location 9 (912, 400), # location 10 (114, 480), # location 11 (228, 480), # location 12 (342, 560), # location 13 (684, 560), # location 14 (0, 640), # location 15 (798, 640)] # location 16
請注意，問題資料並不包含位置座標；解決這個問題只需要再進行預先計算的距離矩陣即可。您只需要利用位置資料找出解決方案中的位置，即可用上述清單中的索引 (0、1、2...) 來表示這些位置。
本例和其他範例中的位置座標和城市圖表主要是用來以視覺化方式呈現問題和解決方案。不過，這在和 VRP 解決方案中未必重要。
為方便設定問題，地點之間的距離會使用「曼哈頓距離」計算，也就是兩個點之間的距離 (x1、y1) 和 (x2、y2) 則定義為 |x1。x + 這並非特殊原因。您可以使用任何最符合您的問題的方法來計算距離。或者，您也可以使用 Google Distance Matrix API，取得全球任何一組地點的距離矩陣。如需相關操作說明，請參閱 Distance Matrix API。
定義距離回呼
如 TSP 範例所示，下列函式會建立距離回呼，進而傳回位置之間的距離，並傳送給解題工具。同時設定弧形費用 (定義行程成本) 為弧形的距離。
Python
def distance_callback(from_index, to_index):
"""Returns the distance between the two nodes."""
# Convert from routing variable Index to distance matrix NodeIndex.
from_node = manager.IndexToNode(from_index)
to_node = manager.IndexToNode(to_index)
return data["distance_matrix"][from_node][to_node]
transit_callback_index = routing.RegisterTransitCallback(distance_callback)
routing.SetArcCostEvaluatorOfAllVehicles(transit_callback_index)
C++
const int transit_callback_index = routing.RegisterTransitCallback(
[&data, &manager](const int64_t from_index,
const int64_t to_index) -> int64_t {
// Convert from routing variable Index to distance matrix NodeIndex.
const int from_node = manager.IndexToNode(from_index).value();
const int to_node = manager.IndexToNode(to_index).value();
return data.distance_matrix[from_node][to_node];
});
routing.SetArcCostEvaluatorOfAllVehicles(transit_callback_index);
Java
final int transitCallbackIndex =
routing.registerTransitCallback((long fromIndex, long toIndex) -> {
// Convert from routing variable Index to user NodeIndex.
int fromNode = manager.indexToNode(fromIndex);
int toNode = manager.indexToNode(toIndex);
return data.distanceMatrix[fromNode][toNode];
});
routing.setArcCostEvaluatorOfAllVehicles(transitCallbackIndex);
C#
int transitCallbackIndex = routing.RegisterTransitCallback((long fromIndex, long toIndex) =>
{
// Convert from routing variable Index to
// distance matrix NodeIndex.
var fromNode = manager.IndexToNode(fromIndex);
var toNode = manager.IndexToNode(toIndex);
return data.DistanceMatrix[fromNode, toNode];
});
routing.SetArcCostEvaluatorOfAllVehicles(transitCallbackIndex);
新增距離維度
如要解決這個 VRP，您必須建立距離「維度」，計算每輛車沿路線行走的累計距離。接著，您就可以根據每條路線的總距離上限，設定成正比的費用。路線規劃程式會使用維度來追蹤在車輛路線中累積的數量。詳情請參閱「維度」一文。
下列程式碼會使用解題器的 AddDimension 方法建立距離維度。引數 transit_callback_index 是 distance_callback 的索引。
Python
dimension_name = "Distance"
routing.AddDimension(
transit_callback_index,
0, # no slack
3000, # vehicle maximum travel distance
True, # start cumul to zero
dimension_name,
)
distance_dimension = routing.GetDimensionOrDie(dimension_name)
distance_dimension.SetGlobalSpanCostCoefficient(100)
C++
routing.AddDimension(transit_callback_index, 0, 3000,
true, // start cumul to zero
"Distance");
routing.GetMutableDimension("Distance")->SetGlobalSpanCostCoefficient(100);
Java
routing.addDimension(transitCallbackIndex, 0, 3000,
true, // start cumul to zero
"Distance");
RoutingDimension distanceDimension = routing.getMutableDimension("Distance");
distanceDimension.setGlobalSpanCostCoefficient(100);
C#
routing.AddDimension(transitCallbackIndex, 0, 3000,
true, // start cumul to zero
"Distance");
RoutingDimension distanceDimension = routing.GetMutableDimension("Distance");
distanceDimension.SetGlobalSpanCostCoefficient(100);
SetGlobalSpanCostCoefficient 方法會為路徑的全域跨距設定大型係數 (100)，在這個範例中為路線的距離最大值。如此一來，全域範圍就會是目標函式的主要因素，因此程式會盡量縮短最長路線的長度。
新增解決方案印表機
輸出解決方案的函式如下所示。
Python
def print_solution(data, manager, routing, solution):
"""Prints solution on console."""
print(f"Objective: {solution.ObjectiveValue()}")
max_route_distance = 0
for vehicle_id in range(data["num_vehicles"]):
index = routing.Start(vehicle_id)
plan_output = f"Route for vehicle {vehicle_id}:\n"
route_distance = 0
while not routing.IsEnd(index):
plan_output += f" {manager.IndexToNode(index)} -> "
previous_index = index
index = solution.Value(routing.NextVar(index))
route_distance += routing.GetArcCostForVehicle(
previous_index, index, vehicle_id
)
plan_output += f"{manager.IndexToNode(index)}\n"
plan_output += f"Distance of the route: {route_distance}m\n"
print(plan_output)
max_route_distance = max(route_distance, max_route_distance)
print(f"Maximum of the route distances: {max_route_distance}m")
C++
void PrintSolution(const DataModel& data, const RoutingIndexManager& manager,
const RoutingModel& routing, const Assignment& solution) {
int64_t max_route_distance{0};
for (int vehicle_id = 0; vehicle_id < data.num_vehicles; ++vehicle_id) {
int64_t index = routing.Start(vehicle_id);
LOG(INFO) << "Route for Vehicle " << vehicle_id << ":";
int64_t route_distance{0};
std::stringstream route;
while (!routing.IsEnd(index)) {
route << manager.IndexToNode(index).value() << " -> ";
const int64_t previous_index = index;
index = solution.Value(routing.NextVar(index));
route_distance += routing.GetArcCostForVehicle(previous_index, index,
int64_t{vehicle_id});
}
LOG(INFO) << route.str() << manager.IndexToNode(index).value();
LOG(INFO) << "Distance of the route: " << route_distance << "m";
max_route_distance = std::max(route_distance, max_route_distance);
}
LOG(INFO) << "Maximum of the route distances: " << max_route_distance << "m";
LOG(INFO) << "";
LOG(INFO) << "Problem solved in " << routing.solver()->wall_time() << "ms";
}
Java
/// @brief Print the solution.
static void printSolution(
DataModel data, RoutingModel routing, RoutingIndexManager manager, Assignment solution) {
// Solution cost.
logger.info("Objective : " + solution.objectiveValue());
// Inspect solution.
long maxRouteDistance = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < data.vehicleNumber; ++i) {
long index = routing.start(i);
logger.info("Route for Vehicle " + i + ":");
long routeDistance = 0;
String route = "";
while (!routing.isEnd(index)) {
route += manager.indexToNode(index) + " -> ";
long previousIndex = index;
index = solution.value(routing.nextVar(index));
routeDistance += routing.getArcCostForVehicle(previousIndex, index, i);
}
logger.info(route + manager.indexToNode(index));
logger.info("Distance of the route: " + routeDistance + "m");
maxRouteDistance = Math.max(routeDistance, maxRouteDistance);
}
logger.info("Maximum of the route distances: " + maxRouteDistance + "m");
}
C#
/// <summary>
/// Print the solution.
/// </summary>
static void PrintSolution(in DataModel data, in RoutingModel routing, in RoutingIndexManager manager,
in Assignment solution)
{
Console.WriteLine($"Objective {solution.ObjectiveValue()}:");
// Inspect solution.
long maxRouteDistance = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < data.VehicleNumber; ++i)
{
Console.WriteLine("Route for Vehicle {0}:", i);
long routeDistance = 0;
var index = routing.Start(i);
while (routing.IsEnd(index) == false)
{
Console.Write("{0} -> ", manager.IndexToNode((int)index));
var previousIndex = index;
index = solution.Value(routing.NextVar(index));
routeDistance += routing.GetArcCostForVehicle(previousIndex, index, 0);
}
Console.WriteLine("{0}", manager.IndexToNode((int)index));
Console.WriteLine("Distance of the route: {0}m", routeDistance);
maxRouteDistance = Math.Max(routeDistance, maxRouteDistance);
}
Console.WriteLine("Maximum distance of the routes: {0}m", maxRouteDistance);
}
這個函式會顯示車輛的路線和路線的總距離。
或者，您可以先儲存路徑至清單或陣列，然後列印這些路徑。
主要功能
在 VRP 程式主函式中，大部分的程式碼都與先前的 TSP 範例相同。如需該程式碼的說明，請參閱 TSP 一節。全新的「距離維度」如上文所述。
執行程式
完整的計畫會顯示在下一節中。 執行程式時，程式會顯示以下輸出內容：
Objective: 177500 Route for vehicle 0: 0 -> 9 -> 10 -> 2 -> 6 -> 5 -> 0 Distance of the route: 1712m Route for vehicle 1: 0 -> 16 -> 14 -> 8 -> 0 Distance of the route: 1484m Route for vehicle 2: 0 -> 7 -> 1 -> 4 -> 3 -> 0 Distance of the route: 1552m Route for vehicle 3: 0 -> 13 -> 15 -> 11 -> 12 -> 0 Distance of the route: 1552m Maximum of the route distances: 1712m
路線中的位置會以位置清單中的索引表示。所有路徑的起點和終點都位於庫房 (0)。
下圖顯示指派的路線，其中位置索引已轉換為對應的 x 至 y 座標。
完成計畫
以下顯示能盡量減少單行路線的完整程式。
Python
"""Simple Vehicles Routing Problem (VRP).
This is a sample using the routing library python wrapper to solve a VRP
problem.
A description of the problem can be found here:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_routing_problem.
Distances are in meters.
"""
from ortools.constraint_solver import routing_enums_pb2
from ortools.constraint_solver import pywrapcp
def create_data_model():
"""Stores the data for the problem."""
data = {}
data["distance_matrix"] = [
# fmt: off
[0, 548, 776, 696, 582, 274, 502, 194, 308, 194, 536, 502, 388, 354, 468, 776, 662],
[548, 0, 684, 308, 194, 502, 730, 354, 696, 742, 1084, 594, 480, 674, 1016, 868, 1210],
[776, 684, 0, 992, 878, 502, 274, 810, 468, 742, 400, 1278, 1164, 1130, 788, 1552, 754],
[696, 308, 992, 0, 114, 650, 878, 502, 844, 890, 1232, 514, 628, 822, 1164, 560, 1358],
[582, 194, 878, 114, 0, 536, 764, 388, 730, 776, 1118, 400, 514, 708, 1050, 674, 1244],
[274, 502, 502, 650, 536, 0, 228, 308, 194, 240, 582, 776, 662, 628, 514, 1050, 708],
[502, 730, 274, 878, 764, 228, 0, 536, 194, 468, 354, 1004, 890, 856, 514, 1278, 480],
[194, 354, 810, 502, 388, 308, 536, 0, 342, 388, 730, 468, 354, 320, 662, 742, 856],
[308, 696, 468, 844, 730, 194, 194, 342, 0, 274, 388, 810, 696, 662, 320, 1084, 514],
[194, 742, 742, 890, 776, 240, 468, 388, 274, 0, 342, 536, 422, 388, 274, 810, 468],
[536, 1084, 400, 1232, 1118, 582, 354, 730, 388, 342, 0, 878, 764, 730, 388, 1152, 354],
[502, 594, 1278, 514, 400, 776, 1004, 468, 810, 536, 878, 0, 114, 308, 650, 274, 844],
[388, 480, 1164, 628, 514, 662, 890, 354, 696, 422, 764, 114, 0, 194, 536, 388, 730],
[354, 674, 1130, 822, 708, 628, 856, 320, 662, 388, 730, 308, 194, 0, 342, 422, 536],
[468, 1016, 788, 1164, 1050, 514, 514, 662, 320, 274, 388, 650, 536, 342, 0, 764, 194],
[776, 868, 1552, 560, 674, 1050, 1278, 742, 1084, 810, 1152, 274, 388, 422, 764, 0, 798],
[662, 1210, 754, 1358, 1244, 708, 480, 856, 514, 468, 354, 844, 730, 536, 194, 798, 0],
# fmt: on
]
data["num_vehicles"] = 4
data["depot"] = 0
return data
def print_solution(data, manager, routing, solution):
"""Prints solution on console."""
print(f"Objective: {solution.ObjectiveValue()}")
max_route_distance = 0
for vehicle_id in range(data["num_vehicles"]):
index = routing.Start(vehicle_id)
plan_output = f"Route for vehicle {vehicle_id}:\n"
route_distance = 0
while not routing.IsEnd(index):
plan_output += f" {manager.IndexToNode(index)} -> "
previous_index = index
index = solution.Value(routing.NextVar(index))
route_distance += routing.GetArcCostForVehicle(
previous_index, index, vehicle_id
)
plan_output += f"{manager.IndexToNode(index)}\n"
plan_output += f"Distance of the route: {route_distance}m\n"
print(plan_output)
max_route_distance = max(route_distance, max_route_distance)
print(f"Maximum of the route distances: {max_route_distance}m")
def main():
"""Entry point of the program."""
# Instantiate the data problem.
data = create_data_model()
# Create the routing index manager.
manager = pywrapcp.RoutingIndexManager(
len(data["distance_matrix"]), data["num_vehicles"], data["depot"]
)
# Create Routing Model.
routing = pywrapcp.RoutingModel(manager)
# Create and register a transit callback.
def distance_callback(from_index, to_index):
"""Returns the distance between the two nodes."""
# Convert from routing variable Index to distance matrix NodeIndex.
from_node = manager.IndexToNode(from_index)
to_node = manager.IndexToNode(to_index)
return data["distance_matrix"][from_node][to_node]
transit_callback_index = routing.RegisterTransitCallback(distance_callback)
# Define cost of each arc.
routing.SetArcCostEvaluatorOfAllVehicles(transit_callback_index)
# Add Distance constraint.
dimension_name = "Distance"
routing.AddDimension(
transit_callback_index,
0, # no slack
3000, # vehicle maximum travel distance
True, # start cumul to zero
dimension_name,
)
distance_dimension = routing.GetDimensionOrDie(dimension_name)
distance_dimension.SetGlobalSpanCostCoefficient(100)
# Setting first solution heuristic.
search_parameters = pywrapcp.DefaultRoutingSearchParameters()
search_parameters.first_solution_strategy = (
routing_enums_pb2.FirstSolutionStrategy.PATH_CHEAPEST_ARC
)
# Solve the problem.
solution = routing.SolveWithParameters(search_parameters)
# Print solution on console.
if solution:
print_solution(data, manager, routing, solution)
else:
print("No solution found !")
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
C++
#include <algorithm>
#include <cstdint>
#include <sstream>
#include <vector>
#include "ortools/constraint_solver/routing.h"
#include "ortools/constraint_solver/routing_enums.pb.h"
#include "ortools/constraint_solver/routing_index_manager.h"
#include "ortools/constraint_solver/routing_parameters.h"
namespace operations_research {
struct DataModel {
const std::vector<std::vector<int64_t>> distance_matrix{
{0, 548, 776, 696, 582, 274, 502, 194, 308, 194, 536, 502, 388, 354, 468,
776, 662},
{548, 0, 684, 308, 194, 502, 730, 354, 696, 742, 1084, 594, 480, 674,
1016, 868, 1210},
{776, 684, 0, 992, 878, 502, 274, 810, 468, 742, 400, 1278, 1164, 1130,
788, 1552, 754},
{696, 308, 992, 0, 114, 650, 878, 502, 844, 890, 1232, 514, 628, 822,
1164, 560, 1358},
{582, 194, 878, 114, 0, 536, 764, 388, 730, 776, 1118, 400, 514, 708,
1050, 674, 1244},
{274, 502, 502, 650, 536, 0, 228, 308, 194, 240, 582, 776, 662, 628, 514,
1050, 708},
{502, 730, 274, 878, 764, 228, 0, 536, 194, 468, 354, 1004, 890, 856, 514,
1278, 480},
{194, 354, 810, 502, 388, 308, 536, 0, 342, 388, 730, 468, 354, 320, 662,
742, 856},
{308, 696, 468, 844, 730, 194, 194, 342, 0, 274, 388, 810, 696, 662, 320,
1084, 514},
{194, 742, 742, 890, 776, 240, 468, 388, 274, 0, 342, 536, 422, 388, 274,
810, 468},
{536, 1084, 400, 1232, 1118, 582, 354, 730, 388, 342, 0, 878, 764, 730,
388, 1152, 354},
{502, 594, 1278, 514, 400, 776, 1004, 468, 810, 536, 878, 0, 114, 308,
650, 274, 844},
{388, 480, 1164, 628, 514, 662, 890, 354, 696, 422, 764, 114, 0, 194, 536,
388, 730},
{354, 674, 1130, 822, 708, 628, 856, 320, 662, 388, 730, 308, 194, 0, 342,
422, 536},
{468, 1016, 788, 1164, 1050, 514, 514, 662, 320, 274, 388, 650, 536, 342,
0, 764, 194},
{776, 868, 1552, 560, 674, 1050, 1278, 742, 1084, 810, 1152, 274, 388,
422, 764, 0, 798},
{662, 1210, 754, 1358, 1244, 708, 480, 856, 514, 468, 354, 844, 730, 536,
194, 798, 0},
};
const int num_vehicles = 4;
const RoutingIndexManager::NodeIndex depot{0};
};
//! @brief Print the solution.
//! @param[in] data Data of the problem.
//! @param[in] manager Index manager used.
//! @param[in] routing Routing solver used.
//! @param[in] solution Solution found by the solver.
void PrintSolution(const DataModel& data, const RoutingIndexManager& manager,
const RoutingModel& routing, const Assignment& solution) {
int64_t max_route_distance{0};
for (int vehicle_id = 0; vehicle_id < data.num_vehicles; ++vehicle_id) {
int64_t index = routing.Start(vehicle_id);
LOG(INFO) << "Route for Vehicle " << vehicle_id << ":";
int64_t route_distance{0};
std::stringstream route;
while (!routing.IsEnd(index)) {
route << manager.IndexToNode(index).value() << " -> ";
const int64_t previous_index = index;
index = solution.Value(routing.NextVar(index));
route_distance += routing.GetArcCostForVehicle(previous_index, index,
int64_t{vehicle_id});
}
LOG(INFO) << route.str() << manager.IndexToNode(index).value();
LOG(INFO) << "Distance of the route: " << route_distance << "m";
max_route_distance = std::max(route_distance, max_route_distance);
}
LOG(INFO) << "Maximum of the route distances: " << max_route_distance << "m";
LOG(INFO) << "";
LOG(INFO) << "Problem solved in " << routing.solver()->wall_time() << "ms";
}
void VrpGlobalSpan() {
// Instantiate the data problem.
DataModel data;
// Create Routing Index Manager
RoutingIndexManager manager(data.distance_matrix.size(), data.num_vehicles,
data.depot);
// Create Routing Model.
RoutingModel routing(manager);
// Create and register a transit callback.
const int transit_callback_index = routing.RegisterTransitCallback(
[&data, &manager](const int64_t from_index,
const int64_t to_index) -> int64_t {
// Convert from routing variable Index to distance matrix NodeIndex.
const int from_node = manager.IndexToNode(from_index).value();
const int to_node = manager.IndexToNode(to_index).value();
return data.distance_matrix[from_node][to_node];
});
// Define cost of each arc.
routing.SetArcCostEvaluatorOfAllVehicles(transit_callback_index);
// Add Distance constraint.
routing.AddDimension(transit_callback_index, 0, 3000,
true, // start cumul to zero
"Distance");
routing.GetMutableDimension("Distance")->SetGlobalSpanCostCoefficient(100);
// Setting first solution heuristic.
RoutingSearchParameters searchParameters = DefaultRoutingSearchParameters();
searchParameters.set_first_solution_strategy(
FirstSolutionStrategy::PATH_CHEAPEST_ARC);
// Solve the problem.
const Assignment* solution = routing.SolveWithParameters(searchParameters);
// Print solution on console.
if (solution != nullptr) {
PrintSolution(data, manager, routing, *solution);
} else {
LOG(INFO) << "No solution found.";
}
}
} // namespace operations_research
int main(int /*argc*/, char* /*argv*/[]) {
operations_research::VrpGlobalSpan();
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
Java
package com.google.ortools.constraintsolver.samples;
import com.google.ortools.Loader;
import com.google.ortools.constraintsolver.Assignment;
import com.google.ortools.constraintsolver.FirstSolutionStrategy;
import com.google.ortools.constraintsolver.RoutingDimension;
import com.google.ortools.constraintsolver.RoutingIndexManager;
import com.google.ortools.constraintsolver.RoutingModel;
import com.google.ortools.constraintsolver.RoutingSearchParameters;
import com.google.ortools.constraintsolver.main;
import java.util.logging.Logger;
/** Minimal VRP.*/
public class VrpGlobalSpan {
private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(VrpGlobalSpan.class.getName());
static class DataModel {
public final long[][] distanceMatrix = {
{0, 548, 776, 696, 582, 274, 502, 194, 308, 194, 536, 502, 388, 354, 468, 776, 662},
{548, 0, 684, 308, 194, 502, 730, 354, 696, 742, 1084, 594, 480, 674, 1016, 868, 1210},
{776, 684, 0, 992, 878, 502, 274, 810, 468, 742, 400, 1278, 1164, 1130, 788, 1552, 754},
{696, 308, 992, 0, 114, 650, 878, 502, 844, 890, 1232, 514, 628, 822, 1164, 560, 1358},
{582, 194, 878, 114, 0, 536, 764, 388, 730, 776, 1118, 400, 514, 708, 1050, 674, 1244},
{274, 502, 502, 650, 536, 0, 228, 308, 194, 240, 582, 776, 662, 628, 514, 1050, 708},
{502, 730, 274, 878, 764, 228, 0, 536, 194, 468, 354, 1004, 890, 856, 514, 1278, 480},
{194, 354, 810, 502, 388, 308, 536, 0, 342, 388, 730, 468, 354, 320, 662, 742, 856},
{308, 696, 468, 844, 730, 194, 194, 342, 0, 274, 388, 810, 696, 662, 320, 1084, 514},
{194, 742, 742, 890, 776, 240, 468, 388, 274, 0, 342, 536, 422, 388, 274, 810, 468},
{536, 1084, 400, 1232, 1118, 582, 354, 730, 388, 342, 0, 878, 764, 730, 388, 1152, 354},
{502, 594, 1278, 514, 400, 776, 1004, 468, 810, 536, 878, 0, 114, 308, 650, 274, 844},
{388, 480, 1164, 628, 514, 662, 890, 354, 696, 422, 764, 114, 0, 194, 536, 388, 730},
{354, 674, 1130, 822, 708, 628, 856, 320, 662, 388, 730, 308, 194, 0, 342, 422, 536},
{468, 1016, 788, 1164, 1050, 514, 514, 662, 320, 274, 388, 650, 536, 342, 0, 764, 194},
{776, 868, 1552, 560, 674, 1050, 1278, 742, 1084, 810, 1152, 274, 388, 422, 764, 0, 798},
{662, 1210, 754, 1358, 1244, 708, 480, 856, 514, 468, 354, 844, 730, 536, 194, 798, 0},
};
public final int vehicleNumber = 4;
public final int depot = 0;
}
/// @brief Print the solution.
static void printSolution(
DataModel data, RoutingModel routing, RoutingIndexManager manager, Assignment solution) {
// Solution cost.
logger.info("Objective : " + solution.objectiveValue());
// Inspect solution.
long maxRouteDistance = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < data.vehicleNumber; ++i) {
long index = routing.start(i);
logger.info("Route for Vehicle " + i + ":");
long routeDistance = 0;
String route = "";
while (!routing.isEnd(index)) {
route += manager.indexToNode(index) + " -> ";
long previousIndex = index;
index = solution.value(routing.nextVar(index));
routeDistance += routing.getArcCostForVehicle(previousIndex, index, i);
}
logger.info(route + manager.indexToNode(index));
logger.info("Distance of the route: " + routeDistance + "m");
maxRouteDistance = Math.max(routeDistance, maxRouteDistance);
}
logger.info("Maximum of the route distances: " + maxRouteDistance + "m");
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
Loader.loadNativeLibraries();
// Instantiate the data problem.
final DataModel data = new DataModel();
// Create Routing Index Manager
RoutingIndexManager manager =
new RoutingIndexManager(data.distanceMatrix.length, data.vehicleNumber, data.depot);
// Create Routing Model.
RoutingModel routing = new RoutingModel(manager);
// Create and register a transit callback.
final int transitCallbackIndex =
routing.registerTransitCallback((long fromIndex, long toIndex) -> {
// Convert from routing variable Index to user NodeIndex.
int fromNode = manager.indexToNode(fromIndex);
int toNode = manager.indexToNode(toIndex);
return data.distanceMatrix[fromNode][toNode];
});
// Define cost of each arc.
routing.setArcCostEvaluatorOfAllVehicles(transitCallbackIndex);
// Add Distance constraint.
routing.addDimension(transitCallbackIndex, 0, 3000,
true, // start cumul to zero
"Distance");
RoutingDimension distanceDimension = routing.getMutableDimension("Distance");
distanceDimension.setGlobalSpanCostCoefficient(100);
// Setting first solution heuristic.
RoutingSearchParameters searchParameters =
main.defaultRoutingSearchParameters()
.toBuilder()
.setFirstSolutionStrategy(FirstSolutionStrategy.Value.PATH_CHEAPEST_ARC)
.build();
// Solve the problem.
Assignment solution = routing.solveWithParameters(searchParameters);
// Print solution on console.
printSolution(data, routing, manager, solution);
}
}
C#
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using Google.OrTools.ConstraintSolver;
/// <summary>
/// Minimal TSP using distance matrix.
/// </summary>
public class VrpGlobalSpan
{
class DataModel
{
public long[,] DistanceMatrix = {
{ 0, 548, 776, 696, 582, 274, 502, 194, 308, 194, 536, 502, 388, 354, 468, 776, 662 },
{ 548, 0, 684, 308, 194, 502, 730, 354, 696, 742, 1084, 594, 480, 674, 1016, 868, 1210 },
{ 776, 684, 0, 992, 878, 502, 274, 810, 468, 742, 400, 1278, 1164, 1130, 788, 1552, 754 },
{ 696, 308, 992, 0, 114, 650, 878, 502, 844, 890, 1232, 514, 628, 822, 1164, 560, 1358 },
{ 582, 194, 878, 114, 0, 536, 764, 388, 730, 776, 1118, 400, 514, 708, 1050, 674, 1244 },
{ 274, 502, 502, 650, 536, 0, 228, 308, 194, 240, 582, 776, 662, 628, 514, 1050, 708 },
{ 502, 730, 274, 878, 764, 228, 0, 536, 194, 468, 354, 1004, 890, 856, 514, 1278, 480 },
{ 194, 354, 810, 502, 388, 308, 536, 0, 342, 388, 730, 468, 354, 320, 662, 742, 856 },
{ 308, 696, 468, 844, 730, 194, 194, 342, 0, 274, 388, 810, 696, 662, 320, 1084, 514 },
{ 194, 742, 742, 890, 776, 240, 468, 388, 274, 0, 342, 536, 422, 388, 274, 810, 468 },
{ 536, 1084, 400, 1232, 1118, 582, 354, 730, 388, 342, 0, 878, 764, 730, 388, 1152, 354 },
{ 502, 594, 1278, 514, 400, 776, 1004, 468, 810, 536, 878, 0, 114, 308, 650, 274, 844 },
{ 388, 480, 1164, 628, 514, 662, 890, 354, 696, 422, 764, 114, 0, 194, 536, 388, 730 },
{ 354, 674, 1130, 822, 708, 628, 856, 320, 662, 388, 730, 308, 194, 0, 342, 422, 536 },
{ 468, 1016, 788, 1164, 1050, 514, 514, 662, 320, 274, 388, 650, 536, 342, 0, 764, 194 },
{ 776, 868, 1552, 560, 674, 1050, 1278, 742, 1084, 810, 1152, 274, 388, 422, 764, 0, 798 },
{ 662, 1210, 754, 1358, 1244, 708, 480, 856, 514, 468, 354, 844, 730, 536, 194, 798, 0 }
};
public int VehicleNumber = 4;
public int Depot = 0;
};
/// <summary>
/// Print the solution.
/// </summary>
static void PrintSolution(in DataModel data, in RoutingModel routing, in RoutingIndexManager manager,
in Assignment solution)
{
Console.WriteLine($"Objective {solution.ObjectiveValue()}:");
// Inspect solution.
long maxRouteDistance = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < data.VehicleNumber; ++i)
{
Console.WriteLine("Route for Vehicle {0}:", i);
long routeDistance = 0;
var index = routing.Start(i);
while (routing.IsEnd(index) == false)
{
Console.Write("{0} -> ", manager.IndexToNode((int)index));
var previousIndex = index;
index = solution.Value(routing.NextVar(index));
routeDistance += routing.GetArcCostForVehicle(previousIndex, index, 0);
}
Console.WriteLine("{0}", manager.IndexToNode((int)index));
Console.WriteLine("Distance of the route: {0}m", routeDistance);
maxRouteDistance = Math.Max(routeDistance, maxRouteDistance);
}
Console.WriteLine("Maximum distance of the routes: {0}m", maxRouteDistance);
}
public static void Main(String[] args)
{
// Instantiate the data problem.
DataModel data = new DataModel();
// Create Routing Index Manager
RoutingIndexManager manager =
new RoutingIndexManager(data.DistanceMatrix.GetLength(0), data.VehicleNumber, data.Depot);
// Create Routing Model.
RoutingModel routing = new RoutingModel(manager);
// Create and register a transit callback.
int transitCallbackIndex = routing.RegisterTransitCallback((long fromIndex, long toIndex) =>
{
// Convert from routing variable Index to
// distance matrix NodeIndex.
var fromNode = manager.IndexToNode(fromIndex);
var toNode = manager.IndexToNode(toIndex);
return data.DistanceMatrix[fromNode, toNode];
});
// Define cost of each arc.
routing.SetArcCostEvaluatorOfAllVehicles(transitCallbackIndex);
// Add Distance constraint.
routing.AddDimension(transitCallbackIndex, 0, 3000,
true, // start cumul to zero
"Distance");
RoutingDimension distanceDimension = routing.GetMutableDimension("Distance");
distanceDimension.SetGlobalSpanCostCoefficient(100);
// Setting first solution heuristic.
RoutingSearchParameters searchParameters =
operations_research_constraint_solver.DefaultRoutingSearchParameters();
searchParameters.FirstSolutionStrategy = FirstSolutionStrategy.Types.Value.PathCheapestArc;
// Solve the problem.
Assignment solution = routing.SolveWithParameters(searchParameters);
// Print solution on console.
PrintSolution(data, routing, manager, solution);
}
}
使用 Google Distance Matrix API
本節說明如何使用 Google Distance Matrix API，依據地址或經緯度定義的一組地點建立距離矩陣。您可以使用這個 API 計算多種轉送問題類型的距離矩陣。
如要使用此 API，您必須具備 API 金鑰。請參閱這篇文章瞭解如何取得。
範例
舉例來說，我們將逐步執行 Python 程式，針對田納西州曼非斯市的 16 個地點一組建立距離矩陣。距離矩陣是 16 x 16 矩陣，其 i、j 項目是位置 i 與 j 之間的距離。以下是營業地點的地址。
data['addresses'] = ['3610+Hacks+Cross+Rd+Memphis+TN', # depot
'1921+Elvis+Presley+Blvd+Memphis+TN',
'149+Union+Avenue+Memphis+TN',
'1034+Audubon+Drive+Memphis+TN',
'1532+Madison+Ave+Memphis+TN',
'706+Union+Ave+Memphis+TN',
'3641+Central+Ave+Memphis+TN',
'926+E+McLemore+Ave+Memphis+TN',
'4339+Park+Ave+Memphis+TN',
'600+Goodwyn+St+Memphis+TN',
'2000+North+Pkwy+Memphis+TN',
'262+Danny+Thomas+Pl+Memphis+TN',
'125+N+Front+St+Memphis+TN',
'5959+Park+Ave+Memphis+TN',
'814+Scott+St+Memphis+TN',
'1005+Tillman+St+Memphis+TN'
]
API 要求
Distance Matrix API 要求是長字串，包含以下內容：
- API 位址：
https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/distancematrix/json?。 要求的結尾json會要求 JSON 格式的回應。 - 要求選項。在這個範例中，
units=imperial會將語言回應的語言設為英文。 - 起點地址：旅遊起點。例如：
&origins=3610+Hacks+Cross+Rd+Memphis+TN。
地址中的空格會由+字元取代。如有多個地址，請以|分隔。 - 目的地地址：旅遊終點。例如：
&destinations=3734+Elvis+Presley+Blvd+Memphis+TN - API 金鑰：要求的憑證，格式為
&key=YOUR_API_KEY。
以下是針對「出發地地址」和「目的地地址」後方顯示的單一起點與單一目的地的完整要求。
https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/distancematrix/json?units=imperial&origins=3610+Hacks+Cross+Rd+Memphis+TN&destinations=3734+Elvis+Presley+Blvd+Memphis+TN&key=YOUR_API_KEY
以下是要求的回應。
{
"destination_addresses" : [ "1921 Elvis Presley Blvd, Memphis, TN 38106, USA" ],
"origin_addresses" : [ "3610 Hacks Cross Rd, Memphis, TN 38125, USA" ],
"rows" : [
{
"elements" : [
{
"distance" : {
"text" : "15.2 mi",
"value" : 24392
},
"duration" : {
"text" : "21 mins",
"value" : 1264
},
"status" : "OK"
}
]
}
],
"status" : "OK"
}
回應會包含兩個地址之間的移動距離 (以英里和公尺為單位)，以及兩個地址之間的行經時間 (以分鐘和秒為單位)。
如要進一步瞭解要求和回應，請參閱 Distance Matrix API 說明文件。
計算距離矩陣
如要計算距離矩陣，我們想要傳送一項要求，其中包含全部 16 個位址做為起點和目的地地址。不過，由於這會需要 16x16=256 起點與目的地組合，而在每個要求中，API 僅限使用 100 個這類組合，因此我們無法達成原因。因此我們必須發出多個要求
由於矩陣的每一列都包含 16 個項目，每個要求最多只能計算六個資料列 (需要 6x16=96 組合)。我們可以用 3 項要求計算整個矩陣，這些要求會傳回 6 個資料列、6 個資料列和 4 個資料列。
下列程式碼會計算距離矩陣，如下所示：
- 將這 16 個位址分成兩組，以及四個地址群組。
- 針對每個群組，為群組中的起點地址和所有目的地位址建構並傳送要求。請參閱「建構並傳送要求」。
- 使用回應建構矩陣的對應資料列，並串連資料列 (也就是 Python 清單)。請參閱「建構距離矩陣的資料列」。
def create_distance_matrix(data):
addresses = data["addresses"]
API_key = data["API_key"]
# Distance Matrix API only accepts 100 elements per request, so get rows in multiple requests.
max_elements = 100
num_addresses = len(addresses) # 16 in this example.
# Maximum number of rows that can be computed per request (6 in this example).
max_rows = max_elements // num_addresses
# num_addresses = q * max_rows + r (q = 2 and r = 4 in this example).
q, r = divmod(num_addresses, max_rows)
dest_addresses = addresses
distance_matrix = []
# Send q requests, returning max_rows rows per request.
for i in range(q):
origin_addresses = addresses[i * max_rows: (i + 1) * max_rows]
response = send_request(origin_addresses, dest_addresses, API_key)
distance_matrix += build_distance_matrix(response)
# Get the remaining remaining r rows, if necessary.
if r > 0:
origin_addresses = addresses[q * max_rows: q * max_rows + r]
response = send_request(origin_addresses, dest_addresses, API_key)
distance_matrix += build_distance_matrix(response)
return distance_matrix
建立並傳送要求
下列函式可針對一組指定的起點和目的地地址建構及傳送要求。
def send_request(origin_addresses, dest_addresses, API_key):
""" Build and send request for the given origin and destination addresses."""
def build_address_str(addresses):
# Build a pipe-separated string of addresses
address_str = ''
for i in range(len(addresses) - 1):
address_str += addresses[i] + '|'
address_str += addresses[-1]
return address_str
request = 'https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/distancematrix/json?units=imperial'
origin_address_str = build_address_str(origin_addresses)
dest_address_str = build_address_str(dest_addresses)
request = request + '&origins=' + origin_address_str + '&destinations=' + \
dest_address_str + '&key=' + API_key
jsonResult = urllib.urlopen(request).read()
response = json.loads(jsonResult)
return response
子函式 build_address_string 會串連以直立線字元 | 分隔的地址。
函式中的其餘程式碼會組合上述要求的各個部分，然後傳送要求。線條
response = json.loads(jsonResult)
會將原始結果轉換為 Python 物件。
建構矩陣的資料列
下列函式會使用 send_request 函式傳回的回應，建構距離矩陣的資料列。
def build_distance_matrix(response):
distance_matrix = []
for row in response['rows']:
row_list = [row['elements'][j]['distance']['value'] for j in range(len(row['elements']))]
distance_matrix.append(row_list)
return distance_matrix
線條
row_list = [row['elements'][j]['distance']['value'] for j in range(len(row['elements']))]
擷取回覆中某列的位置之間的距離。您可以按照下方所示，將這個值與部分回應的一部分 (透過 json.loads 轉換) 比較，如下所示。
{u'status': u'OK', u'rows':
[{u'elements': [{u'duration': {u'text': u'21 mins', u'value': 1264},
u'distance': {u'text': u'15.2 mi', u'value': 24392},
u'status': u'OK'}]}],
u'origin_addresses': [u'3610 Hacks Cross Rd, Memphis, TN 38125, USA'],
u'destination_addresses': [u'1921 Elvis Presley Blvd, Memphis, TN 38106, USA']}
如要建立包含不同地點之間的交通時間的時間矩陣，請將函式 build_distance_matrix 中的 'distance' 替換為 'duration'。
執行程式
主函式中的下列程式碼會執行程式
def main(): """Entry point of the program""" # Create the data. data = create_data() addresses = data['addresses'] API_key = data['API_key'] distance_matrix = create_distance_matrix(data) print(distance_matrix)
執行程式時，它會顯示距離矩陣，如下所示。
[[0, 24392, 33384, 14963, 31992, 32054, 20866, 28427, 15278, 21439, 28765, 34618, 35177, 10612, 26762, 27278], [25244, 0, 8314, 10784, 6922, 6984, 10678, 3270, 10707, 7873, 11350, 9548, 10107, 19176, 12139, 13609], [34062, 8491, 0, 14086, 4086, 1363, 11008, 4239, 13802, 9627, 7179, 1744, 925, 27994, 9730, 10531], [15494, 13289, 13938, 0, 11065, 12608, 4046, 10970, 581, 5226, 10788, 15500, 16059, 5797, 9180, 9450], [33351, 7780, 4096, 11348, 0, 2765, 7364, 4464, 11064, 6736, 3619, 4927, 5485, 20823, 6170, 7076], [32731, 7160, 1363, 12755, 2755, 0, 9677, 3703, 12471, 8297, 7265, 2279, 2096, 26664, 9816, 9554], [19636, 10678, 11017, 4038, 7398, 9687, 0, 9159, 3754, 2809, 7099, 10740, 11253, 8970, 5491, 5928], [29097, 3270, 4257, 11458, 4350, 3711, 9159, 0, 11174, 6354, 10160, 5178, 5258, 23029, 10620, 12419], [15809, 10707, 13654, 581, 10781, 12324, 3763, 10687, 0, 4943, 10504, 15216, 15775, 5216, 8896, 9166], [21831, 7873, 9406, 5226, 6282, 8075, 2809, 6354, 4943, 0, 6967, 10968, 11526, 10159, 5119, 6383], [28822, 11931, 6831, 11802, 3305, 6043, 7167, 10627, 11518, 7159, 0, 5361, 6422, 18351, 3267, 4068], [35116, 9545, 1771, 15206, 4648, 2518, 10967, 5382, 14922, 10747, 5909, 0, 1342, 29094, 8460, 9260], [36058, 10487, 927, 16148, 5590, 2211, 11420, 9183, 15864, 11689, 6734, 1392, 0, 30036, 9285, 10086], [11388, 19845, 28838, 5797, 20972, 27507, 8979, 23880, 5216, 10159, 18622, 29331, 29890, 0, 16618, 17135], [27151, 11444, 9719, 10131, 6193, 8945, 5913, 10421, 9847, 5374, 3335, 8249, 9309, 16680, 0, 1264], [27191, 14469, 10310, 9394, 7093, 9772, 5879, 13164, 9110, 6422, 3933, 8840, 9901, 16720, 1288, 0]]
交通時間矩陣
如前文所述，建議您建立不同地點之間的交通時間矩陣 (而非距離)，只要在函式 build_distance_matrix 中將 'distance' 替換為 'duration' 即可。當您執行含有該變更的程式時，系統會顯示下列交通時間矩陣：
[[0, 1232, 1599, 964, 1488, 1441, 1291, 1323, 978, 1228, 1493, 1617, 1570, 765, 1272, 1359], [1333, 0, 653, 922, 542, 495, 864, 297, 917, 622, 783, 671, 624, 1059, 985, 904], [1669, 643, 0, 1291, 447, 161, 1021, 461, 1258, 862, 715, 419, 198, 1395, 855, 904], [1062, 862, 1262, 0, 946, 1104, 360, 926, 61, 482, 995, 1237, 1190, 589, 761, 839], [1626, 600, 475, 1008, 0, 317, 688, 505, 976, 630, 446, 475, 428, 1271, 587, 648], [1537, 511, 166, 1158, 314, 0, 889, 402, 1125, 730, 697, 430, 313, 1262, 837, 770], [1388, 891, 1022, 374, 668, 863, 0, 731, 341, 259, 731, 1110, 1091, 869, 496, 570], [1407, 303, 489, 934, 492, 410, 725, 0, 901, 482, 692, 580, 587, 1132, 845, 814], [1060, 914, 1215, 55, 899, 1057, 314, 880, 0, 435, 949, 1190, 1144, 528, 714, 792], [1314, 651, 855, 475, 605, 696, 260, 491, 443, 0, 700, 830, 783, 970, 489, 596], [1530, 801, 697, 990, 427, 625, 709, 721, 957, 663, 0, 542, 634, 1084, 338, 387], [1704, 678, 370, 1355, 508, 430, 1074, 598, 1322, 866, 564, 0, 297, 1405, 703, 752], [1612, 586, 215, 1201, 416, 359, 1070, 506, 1169, 773, 639, 313, 0, 1312, 778, 827], [861, 1074, 1441, 610, 1337, 1282, 869, 1164, 555, 990, 1157, 1433, 1386, 0, 936, 1022], [1375, 1045, 899, 795, 629, 825, 588, 901, 762, 549, 408, 744, 836, 929, 0, 107], [1428, 947, 957, 885, 692, 750, 599, 867, 852, 637, 362, 803, 894, 982, 111, 0]]
在 VRP 程式中使用距離矩陣
如要瞭解如何在 VRP 程式中使用上述的距離矩陣，請將上一個 VRP 範例中的距離矩陣替換成上述的距離矩陣。此外，將距離維度中的 maximum_distance 參數值變更為 70000。當您執行修改的程式時，系統會傳回以下輸出內容。
Route for vehicle 0: 0 -> 1 -> 7 -> 5 -> 4 -> 8 -> 0 Distance of route: 61001m Route for vehicle 1: 0 -> 0 Distance of route: 0m Route for vehicle 2: 0 -> 3 -> 2 -> 12 -> 11 -> 6 -> 0 Distance of route: 61821m Route for vehicle 3: 0 -> 13 -> 9 -> 10 -> 14 -> 15 -> 0 Distance of route: 59460m Total distance of all routes: 182282m
整個計畫
整個計畫如下所示。
import requests
import json
import urllib
def create_data():
"""Creates the data."""
data = {}
data['API_key'] = 'YOUR_API_KEY'
data['addresses'] = ['3610+Hacks+Cross+Rd+Memphis+TN', # depot
'1921+Elvis+Presley+Blvd+Memphis+TN',
'149+Union+Avenue+Memphis+TN',
'1034+Audubon+Drive+Memphis+TN',
'1532+Madison+Ave+Memphis+TN',
'706+Union+Ave+Memphis+TN',
'3641+Central+Ave+Memphis+TN',
'926+E+McLemore+Ave+Memphis+TN',
'4339+Park+Ave+Memphis+TN',
'600+Goodwyn+St+Memphis+TN',
'2000+North+Pkwy+Memphis+TN',
'262+Danny+Thomas+Pl+Memphis+TN',
'125+N+Front+St+Memphis+TN',
'5959+Park+Ave+Memphis+TN',
'814+Scott+St+Memphis+TN',
'1005+Tillman+St+Memphis+TN'
]
return data
def create_distance_matrix(data):
addresses = data["addresses"]
API_key = data["API_key"]
# Distance Matrix API only accepts 100 elements per request, so get rows in multiple requests.
max_elements = 100
num_addresses = len(addresses) # 16 in this example.
# Maximum number of rows that can be computed per request (6 in this example).
max_rows = max_elements // num_addresses
# num_addresses = q * max_rows + r (q = 2 and r = 4 in this example).
q, r = divmod(num_addresses, max_rows)
dest_addresses = addresses
distance_matrix = []
# Send q requests, returning max_rows rows per request.
for i in range(q):
origin_addresses = addresses[i * max_rows: (i + 1) * max_rows]
response = send_request(origin_addresses, dest_addresses, API_key)
distance_matrix += build_distance_matrix(response)
# Get the remaining remaining r rows, if necessary.
if r > 0:
origin_addresses = addresses[q * max_rows: q * max_rows + r]
response = send_request(origin_addresses, dest_addresses, API_key)
distance_matrix += build_distance_matrix(response)
return distance_matrix
def send_request(origin_addresses, dest_addresses, API_key):
""" Build and send request for the given origin and destination addresses."""
def build_address_str(addresses):
# Build a pipe-separated string of addresses
address_str = ''
for i in range(len(addresses) - 1):
address_str += addresses[i] + '|'
address_str += addresses[-1]
return address_str
request = 'https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/distancematrix/json?units=imperial'
origin_address_str = build_address_str(origin_addresses)
dest_address_str = build_address_str(dest_addresses)
request = request + '&origins=' + origin_address_str + '&destinations=' + \
dest_address_str + '&key=' + API_key
jsonResult = urllib.urlopen(request).read()
response = json.loads(jsonResult)
return response
def build_distance_matrix(response):
distance_matrix = []
for row in response['rows']:
row_list = [row['elements'][j]['distance']['value'] for j in range(len(row['elements']))]
distance_matrix.append(row_list)
return distance_matrix
########
# Main #
########
def main():
"""Entry point of the program"""
# Create the data.
data = create_data()
addresses = data['addresses']
API_key = data['API_key']
distance_matrix = create_distance_matrix(data)
print(distance_matrix)
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()