Um problema comum de agendamento é o job shop, em que vários trabalhos são processados em várias máquinas.
Cada job consiste em uma sequência de tarefas, que precisam ser executadas em uma determinada ordem, e cada tarefa precisa ser processada em uma máquina específica.
Por exemplo, o trabalho pode ser a fabricação de um único item de consumidor, como um automóvel.
O problema é programar as tarefas nas máquinas para minimizar o
length da programação, ou seja, o tempo necessário para que todos os jobs sejam concluídos.
Há várias restrições para o problema do job de emprego:
- Nenhuma tarefa pode ser iniciada até que a tarefa anterior seja concluída.
- Uma máquina só pode trabalhar em uma tarefa por vez.
- Uma tarefa, uma vez iniciada, precisa ser executada até a conclusão.
Exemplo de problema
Veja abaixo um exemplo simples de um problema de loja de jobs, em que cada tarefa é rotulada por um par de números (m, p), em que m é o número da máquina em que a tarefa precisa ser processada e p é o tempo de processamento da tarefa: o tempo necessário. A numeração de jobs e máquinas começa em zero.
- job 0 = [(0, 3), (1, 2), (2, 2)]
- job 1 = [(0, 2), (2, 1), (1, 4)]
- job 2 = [(1, 4), (2, 3)]
No exemplo, o job 0 tem três tarefas. O primeiro, (0, 3), precisa ser processado na máquina 0 em três unidades de tempo. O segundo, (1, 2), precisa ser processado na máquina 1 em 2 unidades de tempo, e assim por diante. Ao todo, há oito tarefas.
Uma solução para o problema
Uma solução para o problema do job de emprego é a atribuição de um horário de início para cada
tarefa, que atenda às restrições fornecidas acima.
O diagrama abaixo mostra uma possível solução para o problema:
É possível verificar se as tarefas de cada job estão agendadas em intervalos de tempo não sobrepostos, na ordem determinada pelo problema.
O comprimento dessa solução é 12, que é a primeira vez em que os três jobs são concluídos. No entanto, como você verá abaixo, essa não é a solução ideal para o problema.
Variáveis e restrições para o problema
Esta seção descreve como configurar as variáveis e restrições para o
problema.
Primeiro, deixe que task(i, j) indique a jth tarefa na sequência do job i. Por
exemplo, task(0, 2) indica a segunda tarefa do job 0, que corresponde ao
par (1, 2) na descrição do problema.
Em seguida, defina ti, j como o horário de início de task(i, j). ti, j são as variáveis no problema do emprego. Encontrar uma solução envolve determinar os valores dessas variáveis que atendam ao requisito do problema.
Há dois tipos de restrições para o problema do job do emprego:
- Restrições de precedência: surgem da condição de que, para quaisquer
duas tarefas consecutivas no mesmo job, a primeira precisa ser concluída antes que a
segunda possa ser iniciada. Por exemplo,
task(0, 2)etask(0, 3)são tarefas consecutivas para o job 0. Como o tempo de processamento detask(0, 2)é 2, o horário de início datask(0, 3)precisa ser pelo menos duas unidades de tempo posterior ao horário de início da tarefa 2. Talvez a tarefa 2 seja pintar uma porta e leve duas horas para a tinta secar. Como resultado, você recebe a seguinte restrição:t0, 2 + 2 <=t0, 3
- Sem restrições de sobreposição: elas surgem da restrição de que uma
máquina não pode trabalhar em duas tarefas ao mesmo tempo.
Por exemplo, task(0, 2) e task(2, 1) são processados na máquina 1.
Como os tempos de processamento são 2 e 4, respectivamente, uma das seguintes restrições precisa ser válida:
t0, 2 + 2 <=t2, 1 (setask(0, 2)estiver programado antes detask(2, 1)) out2, 1 + 4 <=t0, 2 (setask(2, 1)estiver programado antes detask(0, 2)).
Objetivo do problema
O objetivo do problema do job de job é minimizar o makespan: o período de tempo desde o primeiro horário de início dos jobs até o último horário de término.
Uma solução do programa
As seções a seguir descrevem os principais elementos de um programa que resolve o problema do job.
Importar as bibliotecas
O código a seguir importa a biblioteca necessária.
Python
import collections from ortools.sat.python import cp_model
C++
#include <stdlib.h> #include <algorithm> #include <cstdint> #include <map> #include <numeric> #include <string> #include <tuple> #include <vector> #include "absl/strings/str_format.h" #include "ortools/base/logging.h" #include "ortools/sat/cp_model.h" #include "ortools/sat/cp_model.pb.h" #include "ortools/sat/cp_model_solver.h"
Java
import static java.lang.Math.max; import com.google.ortools.Loader; import com.google.ortools.sat.CpModel; import com.google.ortools.sat.CpSolver; import com.google.ortools.sat.CpSolverStatus; import com.google.ortools.sat.IntVar; import com.google.ortools.sat.IntervalVar; import com.google.ortools.sat.LinearExpr; import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.Arrays; import java.util.Collections; import java.util.Comparator; import java.util.HashMap; import java.util.List; import java.util.Map; import java.util.stream.IntStream;
C#
using System; using System.Collections; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using Google.OrTools.Sat;
Definir os dados
Em seguida, o programa define os dados do problema.
Python
jobs_data = [ # task = (machine_id, processing_time).
[(0, 3), (1, 2), (2, 2)], # Job0
[(0, 2), (2, 1), (1, 4)], # Job1
[(1, 4), (2, 3)], # Job2
]
machines_count = 1 + max(task[0] for job in jobs_data for task in job)
all_machines = range(machines_count)
# Computes horizon dynamically as the sum of all durations.
horizon = sum(task[1] for job in jobs_data for task in job)
C++
using Task = std::tuple<int64_t, int64_t>; // (machine_id, processing_time)
using Job = std::vector<Task>;
std::vector<Job> jobs_data = {
{{0, 3}, {1, 2}, {2, 2}}, // Job_0: Task_0 Task_1 Task_2
{{0, 2}, {2, 1}, {1, 4}}, // Job_1: Task_0 Task_1 Task_2
{{1, 4}, {2, 3}}, // Job_2: Task_0 Task_1
};
int64_t num_machines = 0;
for (const auto& job : jobs_data) {
for (const auto& [machine, _] : job) {
num_machines = std::max(num_machines, 1 + machine);
}
}
std::vector<int> all_machines(num_machines);
std::iota(all_machines.begin(), all_machines.end(), 0);
// Computes horizon dynamically as the sum of all durations.
int64_t horizon = 0;
for (const auto& job : jobs_data) {
for (const auto& [_, time] : job) {
horizon += time;
}
}
Java
class Task {
int machine;
int duration;
Task(int machine, int duration) {
this.machine = machine;
this.duration = duration;
}
}
final List<List<Task>> allJobs =
Arrays.asList(Arrays.asList(new Task(0, 3), new Task(1, 2), new Task(2, 2)), // Job0
Arrays.asList(new Task(0, 2), new Task(2, 1), new Task(1, 4)), // Job1
Arrays.asList(new Task(1, 4), new Task(2, 3)) // Job2
);
int numMachines = 1;
for (List<Task> job : allJobs) {
for (Task task : job) {
numMachines = max(numMachines, 1 + task.machine);
}
}
final int[] allMachines = IntStream.range(0, numMachines).toArray();
// Computes horizon dynamically as the sum of all durations.
int horizon = 0;
for (List<Task> job : allJobs) {
for (Task task : job) {
horizon += task.duration;
}
}
C#
var allJobs =
new[] {
new[] {
// job0
new { machine = 0, duration = 3 }, // task0
new { machine = 1, duration = 2 }, // task1
new { machine = 2, duration = 2 }, // task2
}
.ToList(),
new[] {
// job1
new { machine = 0, duration = 2 }, // task0
new { machine = 2, duration = 1 }, // task1
new { machine = 1, duration = 4 }, // task2
}
.ToList(),
new[] {
// job2
new { machine = 1, duration = 4 }, // task0
new { machine = 2, duration = 3 }, // task1
}
.ToList(),
}
.ToList();
int numMachines = 0;
foreach (var job in allJobs)
{
foreach (var task in job)
{
numMachines = Math.Max(numMachines, 1 + task.machine);
}
}
int[] allMachines = Enumerable.Range(0, numMachines).ToArray();
// Computes horizon dynamically as the sum of all durations.
int horizon = 0;
foreach (var job in allJobs)
{
foreach (var task in job)
{
horizon += task.duration;
}
}
Declarar o modelo
O código a seguir declara o modelo para o problema.
Python
model = cp_model.CpModel()
C++
CpModelBuilder cp_model;
Java
CpModel model = new CpModel();
C#
CpModel model = new CpModel();
Definir as variáveis
O código a seguir define as variáveis do problema.
Python
# Named tuple to store information about created variables.
task_type = collections.namedtuple("task_type", "start end interval")
# Named tuple to manipulate solution information.
assigned_task_type = collections.namedtuple(
"assigned_task_type", "start job index duration"
)
# Creates job intervals and add to the corresponding machine lists.
all_tasks = {}
machine_to_intervals = collections.defaultdict(list)
for job_id, job in enumerate(jobs_data):
for task_id, task in enumerate(job):
machine, duration = task
suffix = f"_{job_id}_{task_id}"
start_var = model.new_int_var(0, horizon, "start" + suffix)
end_var = model.new_int_var(0, horizon, "end" + suffix)
interval_var = model.new_interval_var(
start_var, duration, end_var, "interval" + suffix
)
all_tasks[job_id, task_id] = task_type(
start=start_var, end=end_var, interval=interval_var
)
machine_to_intervals[machine].append(interval_var)
C++
struct TaskType {
IntVar start;
IntVar end;
IntervalVar interval;
};
using TaskID = std::tuple<int, int>; // (job_id, task_id)
std::map<TaskID, TaskType> all_tasks;
std::map<int64_t, std::vector<IntervalVar>> machine_to_intervals;
for (int job_id = 0; job_id < jobs_data.size(); ++job_id) {
const auto& job = jobs_data[job_id];
for (int task_id = 0; task_id < job.size(); ++task_id) {
const auto [machine, duration] = job[task_id];
std::string suffix = absl::StrFormat("_%d_%d", job_id, task_id);
IntVar start = cp_model.NewIntVar({0, horizon})
.WithName(std::string("start") + suffix);
IntVar end = cp_model.NewIntVar({0, horizon})
.WithName(std::string("end") + suffix);
IntervalVar interval = cp_model.NewIntervalVar(start, duration, end)
.WithName(std::string("interval") + suffix);
TaskID key = std::make_tuple(job_id, task_id);
all_tasks.emplace(key, TaskType{/*.start=*/start,
/*.end=*/end,
/*.interval=*/interval});
machine_to_intervals[machine].push_back(interval);
}
}
Java
class TaskType {
IntVar start;
IntVar end;
IntervalVar interval;
}
Map<List<Integer>, TaskType> allTasks = new HashMap<>();
Map<Integer, List<IntervalVar>> machineToIntervals = new HashMap<>();
for (int jobID = 0; jobID < allJobs.size(); ++jobID) {
List<Task> job = allJobs.get(jobID);
for (int taskID = 0; taskID < job.size(); ++taskID) {
Task task = job.get(taskID);
String suffix = "_" + jobID + "_" + taskID;
TaskType taskType = new TaskType();
taskType.start = model.newIntVar(0, horizon, "start" + suffix);
taskType.end = model.newIntVar(0, horizon, "end" + suffix);
taskType.interval = model.newIntervalVar(
taskType.start, LinearExpr.constant(task.duration), taskType.end, "interval" + suffix);
List<Integer> key = Arrays.asList(jobID, taskID);
allTasks.put(key, taskType);
machineToIntervals.computeIfAbsent(task.machine, (Integer k) -> new ArrayList<>());
machineToIntervals.get(task.machine).add(taskType.interval);
}
}
C#
Dictionary<Tuple<int, int>, Tuple<IntVar, IntVar, IntervalVar>> allTasks =
new Dictionary<Tuple<int, int>, Tuple<IntVar, IntVar, IntervalVar>>(); // (start, end, duration)
Dictionary<int, List<IntervalVar>> machineToIntervals = new Dictionary<int, List<IntervalVar>>();
for (int jobID = 0; jobID < allJobs.Count(); ++jobID)
{
var job = allJobs[jobID];
for (int taskID = 0; taskID < job.Count(); ++taskID)
{
var task = job[taskID];
String suffix = $"_{jobID}_{taskID}";
IntVar start = model.NewIntVar(0, horizon, "start" + suffix);
IntVar end = model.NewIntVar(0, horizon, "end" + suffix);
IntervalVar interval = model.NewIntervalVar(start, task.duration, end, "interval" + suffix);
var key = Tuple.Create(jobID, taskID);
allTasks[key] = Tuple.Create(start, end, interval);
if (!machineToIntervals.ContainsKey(task.machine))
{
machineToIntervals.Add(task.machine, new List<IntervalVar>());
}
machineToIntervals[task.machine].Add(interval);
}
}
Para cada job e tarefa, o programa usa o método
NewIntVar/new_int_var/newIntVar do modelo para criar as variáveis:
start_var: horário de início da tarefa.end_var: horário de término da tarefa.
O limite superior para start_var e end_var é horizon, a soma dos tempos de processamento de todas as tarefas em todos os jobs.
horizon é grande o suficiente para concluir todas as tarefas pelo seguinte motivo:
se você programar as tarefas em intervalos de tempo não sobrepostos (uma solução não
ideal), a duração total da programação será exatamente horizon. Portanto, a
duração da solução ideal não pode ser maior que horizon.
Em seguida, o programa usa o método NewIntervalVar/new_interval_var/newIntervalVar
para criar uma variável de intervalo, cujo valor é um intervalo de tempo
variável, para a tarefa. As entradas desse método são:
- O horário de início da tarefa.
- A duração do intervalo de tempo da tarefa.
- O horário de término da tarefa.
- O nome da variável do intervalo.
Em qualquer solução, end_var menos start_var precisa ser duration.
Defina as restrições
O código a seguir define as restrições para o problema.
Python
# Create and add disjunctive constraints.
for machine in all_machines:
model.add_no_overlap(machine_to_intervals[machine])
# Precedences inside a job.
for job_id, job in enumerate(jobs_data):
for task_id in range(len(job) - 1):
model.add(
all_tasks[job_id, task_id + 1].start >= all_tasks[job_id, task_id].end
)
C++
// Create and add disjunctive constraints.
for (const auto machine : all_machines) {
cp_model.AddNoOverlap(machine_to_intervals[machine]);
}
// Precedences inside a job.
for (int job_id = 0; job_id < jobs_data.size(); ++job_id) {
const auto& job = jobs_data[job_id];
for (int task_id = 0; task_id < job.size() - 1; ++task_id) {
TaskID key = std::make_tuple(job_id, task_id);
TaskID next_key = std::make_tuple(job_id, task_id + 1);
cp_model.AddGreaterOrEqual(all_tasks[next_key].start, all_tasks[key].end);
}
}
Java
// Create and add disjunctive constraints.
for (int machine : allMachines) {
List<IntervalVar> list = machineToIntervals.get(machine);
model.addNoOverlap(list);
}
// Precedences inside a job.
for (int jobID = 0; jobID < allJobs.size(); ++jobID) {
List<Task> job = allJobs.get(jobID);
for (int taskID = 0; taskID < job.size() - 1; ++taskID) {
List<Integer> prevKey = Arrays.asList(jobID, taskID);
List<Integer> nextKey = Arrays.asList(jobID, taskID + 1);
model.addGreaterOrEqual(allTasks.get(nextKey).start, allTasks.get(prevKey).end);
}
}
C#
// Create and add disjunctive constraints.
foreach (int machine in allMachines)
{
model.AddNoOverlap(machineToIntervals[machine]);
}
// Precedences inside a job.
for (int jobID = 0; jobID < allJobs.Count(); ++jobID)
{
var job = allJobs[jobID];
for (int taskID = 0; taskID < job.Count() - 1; ++taskID)
{
var key = Tuple.Create(jobID, taskID);
var nextKey = Tuple.Create(jobID, taskID + 1);
model.Add(allTasks[nextKey].Item1 >= allTasks[key].Item2);
}
}
O programa usa o método AddNoOverlap/add_no_overlap/addNoOverlap do modelo
para criar as restrições de nenhuma sobreposição, que impedem que as tarefas
da mesma máquina se sobreponham no tempo.
Em seguida, o programa adiciona as restrições de precedência, que impedem que tarefas consecutivas do mesmo job se sobreponham no tempo. Para cada job e cada tarefa no job, uma restrição linear é adicionada para especificar que o horário de término de uma tarefa ocorra antes do horário de início da próxima tarefa no job.
Definir o objetivo
O código a seguir define o objetivo do problema.
Python
# Makespan objective.
obj_var = model.new_int_var(0, horizon, "makespan")
model.add_max_equality(
obj_var,
[all_tasks[job_id, len(job) - 1].end for job_id, job in enumerate(jobs_data)],
)
model.minimize(obj_var)
C++
// Makespan objective.
IntVar obj_var = cp_model.NewIntVar({0, horizon}).WithName("makespan");
std::vector<IntVar> ends;
for (int job_id = 0; job_id < jobs_data.size(); ++job_id) {
const auto& job = jobs_data[job_id];
TaskID key = std::make_tuple(job_id, job.size() - 1);
ends.push_back(all_tasks[key].end);
}
cp_model.AddMaxEquality(obj_var, ends);
cp_model.Minimize(obj_var);
Java
// Makespan objective.
IntVar objVar = model.newIntVar(0, horizon, "makespan");
List<IntVar> ends = new ArrayList<>();
for (int jobID = 0; jobID < allJobs.size(); ++jobID) {
List<Task> job = allJobs.get(jobID);
List<Integer> key = Arrays.asList(jobID, job.size() - 1);
ends.add(allTasks.get(key).end);
}
model.addMaxEquality(objVar, ends);
model.minimize(objVar);
C#
// Makespan objective.
IntVar objVar = model.NewIntVar(0, horizon, "makespan");
List<IntVar> ends = new List<IntVar>();
for (int jobID = 0; jobID < allJobs.Count(); ++jobID)
{
var job = allJobs[jobID];
var key = Tuple.Create(jobID, job.Count() - 1);
ends.Add(allTasks[key].Item2);
}
model.AddMaxEquality(objVar, ends);
model.Minimize(objVar);
Esse código cria uma variável de objetivo e a restringe para ser o máximo do final de todos os jobs.
Invocar o solucionador
O código a seguir chama o solucionador.
Python
solver = cp_model.CpSolver() status = solver.solve(model)
C++
const CpSolverResponse response = Solve(cp_model.Build());
Java
CpSolver solver = new CpSolver(); CpSolverStatus status = solver.solve(model);
C#
CpSolver solver = new CpSolver();
CpSolverStatus status = solver.Solve(model);
Console.WriteLine($"Solve status: {status}");
Mostrar os resultados
O código abaixo mostra os resultados, incluindo os horários ideais e os intervalos de tarefas.
Python
if status == cp_model.OPTIMAL or status == cp_model.FEASIBLE:
print("Solution:")
# Create one list of assigned tasks per machine.
assigned_jobs = collections.defaultdict(list)
for job_id, job in enumerate(jobs_data):
for task_id, task in enumerate(job):
machine = task[0]
assigned_jobs[machine].append(
assigned_task_type(
start=solver.value(all_tasks[job_id, task_id].start),
job=job_id,
index=task_id,
duration=task[1],
)
)
# Create per machine output lines.
output = ""
for machine in all_machines:
# Sort by starting time.
assigned_jobs[machine].sort()
sol_line_tasks = "Machine " + str(machine) + ": "
sol_line = " "
for assigned_task in assigned_jobs[machine]:
name = f"job_{assigned_task.job}_task_{assigned_task.index}"
# add spaces to output to align columns.
sol_line_tasks += f"{name:15}"
start = assigned_task.start
duration = assigned_task.duration
sol_tmp = f"[{start},{start + duration}]"
# add spaces to output to align columns.
sol_line += f"{sol_tmp:15}"
sol_line += "\n"
sol_line_tasks += "\n"
output += sol_line_tasks
output += sol_line
# Finally print the solution found.
print(f"Optimal Schedule Length: {solver.objective_value}")
print(output)
else:
print("No solution found.")
C++
if (response.status() == CpSolverStatus::OPTIMAL ||
response.status() == CpSolverStatus::FEASIBLE) {
LOG(INFO) << "Solution:";
// create one list of assigned tasks per machine.
struct AssignedTaskType {
int job_id;
int task_id;
int64_t start;
int64_t duration;
bool operator<(const AssignedTaskType& rhs) const {
return std::tie(this->start, this->duration) <
std::tie(rhs.start, rhs.duration);
}
};
std::map<int64_t, std::vector<AssignedTaskType>> assigned_jobs;
for (int job_id = 0; job_id < jobs_data.size(); ++job_id) {
const auto& job = jobs_data[job_id];
for (int task_id = 0; task_id < job.size(); ++task_id) {
const auto [machine, duration] = job[task_id];
TaskID key = std::make_tuple(job_id, task_id);
int64_t start = SolutionIntegerValue(response, all_tasks[key].start);
assigned_jobs[machine].push_back(
AssignedTaskType{/*.job_id=*/job_id,
/*.task_id=*/task_id,
/*.start=*/start,
/*.duration=*/duration});
}
}
// Create per machine output lines.
std::string output = "";
for (const auto machine : all_machines) {
// Sort by starting time.
std::sort(assigned_jobs[machine].begin(), assigned_jobs[machine].end());
std::string sol_line_tasks = "Machine " + std::to_string(machine) + ": ";
std::string sol_line = " ";
for (const auto& assigned_task : assigned_jobs[machine]) {
std::string name = absl::StrFormat(
"job_%d_task_%d", assigned_task.job_id, assigned_task.task_id);
// Add spaces to output to align columns.
sol_line_tasks += absl::StrFormat("%-15s", name);
int64_t start = assigned_task.start;
int64_t duration = assigned_task.duration;
std::string sol_tmp =
absl::StrFormat("[%i,%i]", start, start + duration);
// Add spaces to output to align columns.
sol_line += absl::StrFormat("%-15s", sol_tmp);
}
output += sol_line_tasks + "\n";
output += sol_line + "\n";
}
// Finally print the solution found.
LOG(INFO) << "Optimal Schedule Length: " << response.objective_value();
LOG(INFO) << "\n" << output;
} else {
LOG(INFO) << "No solution found.";
}
Java
if (status == CpSolverStatus.OPTIMAL || status == CpSolverStatus.FEASIBLE) {
class AssignedTask {
int jobID;
int taskID;
int start;
int duration;
// Ctor
AssignedTask(int jobID, int taskID, int start, int duration) {
this.jobID = jobID;
this.taskID = taskID;
this.start = start;
this.duration = duration;
}
}
class SortTasks implements Comparator<AssignedTask> {
@Override
public int compare(AssignedTask a, AssignedTask b) {
if (a.start != b.start) {
return a.start - b.start;
} else {
return a.duration - b.duration;
}
}
}
System.out.println("Solution:");
// Create one list of assigned tasks per machine.
Map<Integer, List<AssignedTask>> assignedJobs = new HashMap<>();
for (int jobID = 0; jobID < allJobs.size(); ++jobID) {
List<Task> job = allJobs.get(jobID);
for (int taskID = 0; taskID < job.size(); ++taskID) {
Task task = job.get(taskID);
List<Integer> key = Arrays.asList(jobID, taskID);
AssignedTask assignedTask = new AssignedTask(
jobID, taskID, (int) solver.value(allTasks.get(key).start), task.duration);
assignedJobs.computeIfAbsent(task.machine, (Integer k) -> new ArrayList<>());
assignedJobs.get(task.machine).add(assignedTask);
}
}
// Create per machine output lines.
String output = "";
for (int machine : allMachines) {
// Sort by starting time.
Collections.sort(assignedJobs.get(machine), new SortTasks());
String solLineTasks = "Machine " + machine + ": ";
String solLine = " ";
for (AssignedTask assignedTask : assignedJobs.get(machine)) {
String name = "job_" + assignedTask.jobID + "_task_" + assignedTask.taskID;
// Add spaces to output to align columns.
solLineTasks += String.format("%-15s", name);
String solTmp =
"[" + assignedTask.start + "," + (assignedTask.start + assignedTask.duration) + "]";
// Add spaces to output to align columns.
solLine += String.format("%-15s", solTmp);
}
output += solLineTasks + "%n";
output += solLine + "%n";
}
System.out.printf("Optimal Schedule Length: %f%n", solver.objectiveValue());
System.out.printf(output);
} else {
System.out.println("No solution found.");
}
C#
if (status == CpSolverStatus.Optimal || status == CpSolverStatus.Feasible)
{
Console.WriteLine("Solution:");
Dictionary<int, List<AssignedTask>> assignedJobs = new Dictionary<int, List<AssignedTask>>();
for (int jobID = 0; jobID < allJobs.Count(); ++jobID)
{
var job = allJobs[jobID];
for (int taskID = 0; taskID < job.Count(); ++taskID)
{
var task = job[taskID];
var key = Tuple.Create(jobID, taskID);
int start = (int)solver.Value(allTasks[key].Item1);
if (!assignedJobs.ContainsKey(task.machine))
{
assignedJobs.Add(task.machine, new List<AssignedTask>());
}
assignedJobs[task.machine].Add(new AssignedTask(jobID, taskID, start, task.duration));
}
}
// Create per machine output lines.
String output = "";
foreach (int machine in allMachines)
{
// Sort by starting time.
assignedJobs[machine].Sort();
String solLineTasks = $"Machine {machine}: ";
String solLine = " ";
foreach (var assignedTask in assignedJobs[machine])
{
String name = $"job_{assignedTask.jobID}_task_{assignedTask.taskID}";
// Add spaces to output to align columns.
solLineTasks += $"{name,-15}";
String solTmp = $"[{assignedTask.start},{assignedTask.start+assignedTask.duration}]";
// Add spaces to output to align columns.
solLine += $"{solTmp,-15}";
}
output += solLineTasks + "\n";
output += solLine + "\n";
}
// Finally print the solution found.
Console.WriteLine($"Optimal Schedule Length: {solver.ObjectiveValue}");
Console.WriteLine($"\n{output}");
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine("No solution found.");
}
Confira abaixo a programação ideal:
Optimal Schedule Length: 11
Machine 0: job_0_0 job_1_0
[0,3] [3,5]
Machine 1: job_2_0 job_0_1 job_1_2
[0,4] [4,6] [7,11]
Machine 2: job_1_1 job_0_2 job_2_1
[5,6] [6,8] [8,11]
Leitores atentos que examinam a máquina 1 podem se perguntar por que job_1_2 foi agendado no horário 7 em vez do horário 6. Ambas são soluções válidas, mas lembre-se: o objetivo é minimizar o makespan. Mover job_1_2 anteriormente não reduziria o makespan, então as duas soluções são iguais do ponto de vista do solucionador.
Todo o programa
Finalmente, aqui está todo o programa para o problema da loja de empregos.
Python
"""Minimal jobshop example."""
import collections
from ortools.sat.python import cp_model
def main() -> None:
"""Minimal jobshop problem."""
# Data.
jobs_data = [ # task = (machine_id, processing_time).
[(0, 3), (1, 2), (2, 2)], # Job0
[(0, 2), (2, 1), (1, 4)], # Job1
[(1, 4), (2, 3)], # Job2
]
machines_count = 1 + max(task[0] for job in jobs_data for task in job)
all_machines = range(machines_count)
# Computes horizon dynamically as the sum of all durations.
horizon = sum(task[1] for job in jobs_data for task in job)
# Create the model.
model = cp_model.CpModel()
# Named tuple to store information about created variables.
task_type = collections.namedtuple("task_type", "start end interval")
# Named tuple to manipulate solution information.
assigned_task_type = collections.namedtuple(
"assigned_task_type", "start job index duration"
)
# Creates job intervals and add to the corresponding machine lists.
all_tasks = {}
machine_to_intervals = collections.defaultdict(list)
for job_id, job in enumerate(jobs_data):
for task_id, task in enumerate(job):
machine, duration = task
suffix = f"_{job_id}_{task_id}"
start_var = model.new_int_var(0, horizon, "start" + suffix)
end_var = model.new_int_var(0, horizon, "end" + suffix)
interval_var = model.new_interval_var(
start_var, duration, end_var, "interval" + suffix
)
all_tasks[job_id, task_id] = task_type(
start=start_var, end=end_var, interval=interval_var
)
machine_to_intervals[machine].append(interval_var)
# Create and add disjunctive constraints.
for machine in all_machines:
model.add_no_overlap(machine_to_intervals[machine])
# Precedences inside a job.
for job_id, job in enumerate(jobs_data):
for task_id in range(len(job) - 1):
model.add(
all_tasks[job_id, task_id + 1].start >= all_tasks[job_id, task_id].end
)
# Makespan objective.
obj_var = model.new_int_var(0, horizon, "makespan")
model.add_max_equality(
obj_var,
[all_tasks[job_id, len(job) - 1].end for job_id, job in enumerate(jobs_data)],
)
model.minimize(obj_var)
# Creates the solver and solve.
solver = cp_model.CpSolver()
status = solver.solve(model)
if status == cp_model.OPTIMAL or status == cp_model.FEASIBLE:
print("Solution:")
# Create one list of assigned tasks per machine.
assigned_jobs = collections.defaultdict(list)
for job_id, job in enumerate(jobs_data):
for task_id, task in enumerate(job):
machine = task[0]
assigned_jobs[machine].append(
assigned_task_type(
start=solver.value(all_tasks[job_id, task_id].start),
job=job_id,
index=task_id,
duration=task[1],
)
)
# Create per machine output lines.
output = ""
for machine in all_machines:
# Sort by starting time.
assigned_jobs[machine].sort()
sol_line_tasks = "Machine " + str(machine) + ": "
sol_line = " "
for assigned_task in assigned_jobs[machine]:
name = f"job_{assigned_task.job}_task_{assigned_task.index}"
# add spaces to output to align columns.
sol_line_tasks += f"{name:15}"
start = assigned_task.start
duration = assigned_task.duration
sol_tmp = f"[{start},{start + duration}]"
# add spaces to output to align columns.
sol_line += f"{sol_tmp:15}"
sol_line += "\n"
sol_line_tasks += "\n"
output += sol_line_tasks
output += sol_line
# Finally print the solution found.
print(f"Optimal Schedule Length: {solver.objective_value}")
print(output)
else:
print("No solution found.")
# Statistics.
print("\nStatistics")
print(f" - conflicts: {solver.num_conflicts}")
print(f" - branches : {solver.num_branches}")
print(f" - wall time: {solver.wall_time}s")
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
C++
// Nurse scheduling problem with shift requests.
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <algorithm>
#include <cstdint>
#include <map>
#include <numeric>
#include <string>
#include <tuple>
#include <vector>
#include "absl/strings/str_format.h"
#include "ortools/base/logging.h"
#include "ortools/sat/cp_model.h"
#include "ortools/sat/cp_model.pb.h"
#include "ortools/sat/cp_model_solver.h"
namespace operations_research {
namespace sat {
void MinimalJobshopSat() {
using Task = std::tuple<int64_t, int64_t>; // (machine_id, processing_time)
using Job = std::vector<Task>;
std::vector<Job> jobs_data = {
{{0, 3}, {1, 2}, {2, 2}}, // Job_0: Task_0 Task_1 Task_2
{{0, 2}, {2, 1}, {1, 4}}, // Job_1: Task_0 Task_1 Task_2
{{1, 4}, {2, 3}}, // Job_2: Task_0 Task_1
};
int64_t num_machines = 0;
for (const auto& job : jobs_data) {
for (const auto& [machine, _] : job) {
num_machines = std::max(num_machines, 1 + machine);
}
}
std::vector<int> all_machines(num_machines);
std::iota(all_machines.begin(), all_machines.end(), 0);
// Computes horizon dynamically as the sum of all durations.
int64_t horizon = 0;
for (const auto& job : jobs_data) {
for (const auto& [_, time] : job) {
horizon += time;
}
}
// Creates the model.
CpModelBuilder cp_model;
struct TaskType {
IntVar start;
IntVar end;
IntervalVar interval;
};
using TaskID = std::tuple<int, int>; // (job_id, task_id)
std::map<TaskID, TaskType> all_tasks;
std::map<int64_t, std::vector<IntervalVar>> machine_to_intervals;
for (int job_id = 0; job_id < jobs_data.size(); ++job_id) {
const auto& job = jobs_data[job_id];
for (int task_id = 0; task_id < job.size(); ++task_id) {
const auto [machine, duration] = job[task_id];
std::string suffix = absl::StrFormat("_%d_%d", job_id, task_id);
IntVar start = cp_model.NewIntVar({0, horizon})
.WithName(std::string("start") + suffix);
IntVar end = cp_model.NewIntVar({0, horizon})
.WithName(std::string("end") + suffix);
IntervalVar interval = cp_model.NewIntervalVar(start, duration, end)
.WithName(std::string("interval") + suffix);
TaskID key = std::make_tuple(job_id, task_id);
all_tasks.emplace(key, TaskType{/*.start=*/start,
/*.end=*/end,
/*.interval=*/interval});
machine_to_intervals[machine].push_back(interval);
}
}
// Create and add disjunctive constraints.
for (const auto machine : all_machines) {
cp_model.AddNoOverlap(machine_to_intervals[machine]);
}
// Precedences inside a job.
for (int job_id = 0; job_id < jobs_data.size(); ++job_id) {
const auto& job = jobs_data[job_id];
for (int task_id = 0; task_id < job.size() - 1; ++task_id) {
TaskID key = std::make_tuple(job_id, task_id);
TaskID next_key = std::make_tuple(job_id, task_id + 1);
cp_model.AddGreaterOrEqual(all_tasks[next_key].start, all_tasks[key].end);
}
}
// Makespan objective.
IntVar obj_var = cp_model.NewIntVar({0, horizon}).WithName("makespan");
std::vector<IntVar> ends;
for (int job_id = 0; job_id < jobs_data.size(); ++job_id) {
const auto& job = jobs_data[job_id];
TaskID key = std::make_tuple(job_id, job.size() - 1);
ends.push_back(all_tasks[key].end);
}
cp_model.AddMaxEquality(obj_var, ends);
cp_model.Minimize(obj_var);
const CpSolverResponse response = Solve(cp_model.Build());
if (response.status() == CpSolverStatus::OPTIMAL ||
response.status() == CpSolverStatus::FEASIBLE) {
LOG(INFO) << "Solution:";
// create one list of assigned tasks per machine.
struct AssignedTaskType {
int job_id;
int task_id;
int64_t start;
int64_t duration;
bool operator<(const AssignedTaskType& rhs) const {
return std::tie(this->start, this->duration) <
std::tie(rhs.start, rhs.duration);
}
};
std::map<int64_t, std::vector<AssignedTaskType>> assigned_jobs;
for (int job_id = 0; job_id < jobs_data.size(); ++job_id) {
const auto& job = jobs_data[job_id];
for (int task_id = 0; task_id < job.size(); ++task_id) {
const auto [machine, duration] = job[task_id];
TaskID key = std::make_tuple(job_id, task_id);
int64_t start = SolutionIntegerValue(response, all_tasks[key].start);
assigned_jobs[machine].push_back(
AssignedTaskType{/*.job_id=*/job_id,
/*.task_id=*/task_id,
/*.start=*/start,
/*.duration=*/duration});
}
}
// Create per machine output lines.
std::string output = "";
for (const auto machine : all_machines) {
// Sort by starting time.
std::sort(assigned_jobs[machine].begin(), assigned_jobs[machine].end());
std::string sol_line_tasks = "Machine " + std::to_string(machine) + ": ";
std::string sol_line = " ";
for (const auto& assigned_task : assigned_jobs[machine]) {
std::string name = absl::StrFormat(
"job_%d_task_%d", assigned_task.job_id, assigned_task.task_id);
// Add spaces to output to align columns.
sol_line_tasks += absl::StrFormat("%-15s", name);
int64_t start = assigned_task.start;
int64_t duration = assigned_task.duration;
std::string sol_tmp =
absl::StrFormat("[%i,%i]", start, start + duration);
// Add spaces to output to align columns.
sol_line += absl::StrFormat("%-15s", sol_tmp);
}
output += sol_line_tasks + "\n";
output += sol_line + "\n";
}
// Finally print the solution found.
LOG(INFO) << "Optimal Schedule Length: " << response.objective_value();
LOG(INFO) << "\n" << output;
} else {
LOG(INFO) << "No solution found.";
}
// Statistics.
LOG(INFO) << "Statistics";
LOG(INFO) << CpSolverResponseStats(response);
}
} // namespace sat
} // namespace operations_research
int main() {
operations_research::sat::MinimalJobshopSat();
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
Java
package com.google.ortools.sat.samples;
import static java.lang.Math.max;
import com.google.ortools.Loader;
import com.google.ortools.sat.CpModel;
import com.google.ortools.sat.CpSolver;
import com.google.ortools.sat.CpSolverStatus;
import com.google.ortools.sat.IntVar;
import com.google.ortools.sat.IntervalVar;
import com.google.ortools.sat.LinearExpr;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.Comparator;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.stream.IntStream;
/** Minimal Jobshop problem. */
public class MinimalJobshopSat {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Loader.loadNativeLibraries();
class Task {
int machine;
int duration;
Task(int machine, int duration) {
this.machine = machine;
this.duration = duration;
}
}
final List<List<Task>> allJobs =
Arrays.asList(Arrays.asList(new Task(0, 3), new Task(1, 2), new Task(2, 2)), // Job0
Arrays.asList(new Task(0, 2), new Task(2, 1), new Task(1, 4)), // Job1
Arrays.asList(new Task(1, 4), new Task(2, 3)) // Job2
);
int numMachines = 1;
for (List<Task> job : allJobs) {
for (Task task : job) {
numMachines = max(numMachines, 1 + task.machine);
}
}
final int[] allMachines = IntStream.range(0, numMachines).toArray();
// Computes horizon dynamically as the sum of all durations.
int horizon = 0;
for (List<Task> job : allJobs) {
for (Task task : job) {
horizon += task.duration;
}
}
// Creates the model.
CpModel model = new CpModel();
class TaskType {
IntVar start;
IntVar end;
IntervalVar interval;
}
Map<List<Integer>, TaskType> allTasks = new HashMap<>();
Map<Integer, List<IntervalVar>> machineToIntervals = new HashMap<>();
for (int jobID = 0; jobID < allJobs.size(); ++jobID) {
List<Task> job = allJobs.get(jobID);
for (int taskID = 0; taskID < job.size(); ++taskID) {
Task task = job.get(taskID);
String suffix = "_" + jobID + "_" + taskID;
TaskType taskType = new TaskType();
taskType.start = model.newIntVar(0, horizon, "start" + suffix);
taskType.end = model.newIntVar(0, horizon, "end" + suffix);
taskType.interval = model.newIntervalVar(
taskType.start, LinearExpr.constant(task.duration), taskType.end, "interval" + suffix);
List<Integer> key = Arrays.asList(jobID, taskID);
allTasks.put(key, taskType);
machineToIntervals.computeIfAbsent(task.machine, (Integer k) -> new ArrayList<>());
machineToIntervals.get(task.machine).add(taskType.interval);
}
}
// Create and add disjunctive constraints.
for (int machine : allMachines) {
List<IntervalVar> list = machineToIntervals.get(machine);
model.addNoOverlap(list);
}
// Precedences inside a job.
for (int jobID = 0; jobID < allJobs.size(); ++jobID) {
List<Task> job = allJobs.get(jobID);
for (int taskID = 0; taskID < job.size() - 1; ++taskID) {
List<Integer> prevKey = Arrays.asList(jobID, taskID);
List<Integer> nextKey = Arrays.asList(jobID, taskID + 1);
model.addGreaterOrEqual(allTasks.get(nextKey).start, allTasks.get(prevKey).end);
}
}
// Makespan objective.
IntVar objVar = model.newIntVar(0, horizon, "makespan");
List<IntVar> ends = new ArrayList<>();
for (int jobID = 0; jobID < allJobs.size(); ++jobID) {
List<Task> job = allJobs.get(jobID);
List<Integer> key = Arrays.asList(jobID, job.size() - 1);
ends.add(allTasks.get(key).end);
}
model.addMaxEquality(objVar, ends);
model.minimize(objVar);
// Creates a solver and solves the model.
CpSolver solver = new CpSolver();
CpSolverStatus status = solver.solve(model);
if (status == CpSolverStatus.OPTIMAL || status == CpSolverStatus.FEASIBLE) {
class AssignedTask {
int jobID;
int taskID;
int start;
int duration;
// Ctor
AssignedTask(int jobID, int taskID, int start, int duration) {
this.jobID = jobID;
this.taskID = taskID;
this.start = start;
this.duration = duration;
}
}
class SortTasks implements Comparator<AssignedTask> {
@Override
public int compare(AssignedTask a, AssignedTask b) {
if (a.start != b.start) {
return a.start - b.start;
} else {
return a.duration - b.duration;
}
}
}
System.out.println("Solution:");
// Create one list of assigned tasks per machine.
Map<Integer, List<AssignedTask>> assignedJobs = new HashMap<>();
for (int jobID = 0; jobID < allJobs.size(); ++jobID) {
List<Task> job = allJobs.get(jobID);
for (int taskID = 0; taskID < job.size(); ++taskID) {
Task task = job.get(taskID);
List<Integer> key = Arrays.asList(jobID, taskID);
AssignedTask assignedTask = new AssignedTask(
jobID, taskID, (int) solver.value(allTasks.get(key).start), task.duration);
assignedJobs.computeIfAbsent(task.machine, (Integer k) -> new ArrayList<>());
assignedJobs.get(task.machine).add(assignedTask);
}
}
// Create per machine output lines.
String output = "";
for (int machine : allMachines) {
// Sort by starting time.
Collections.sort(assignedJobs.get(machine), new SortTasks());
String solLineTasks = "Machine " + machine + ": ";
String solLine = " ";
for (AssignedTask assignedTask : assignedJobs.get(machine)) {
String name = "job_" + assignedTask.jobID + "_task_" + assignedTask.taskID;
// Add spaces to output to align columns.
solLineTasks += String.format("%-15s", name);
String solTmp =
"[" + assignedTask.start + "," + (assignedTask.start + assignedTask.duration) + "]";
// Add spaces to output to align columns.
solLine += String.format("%-15s", solTmp);
}
output += solLineTasks + "%n";
output += solLine + "%n";
}
System.out.printf("Optimal Schedule Length: %f%n", solver.objectiveValue());
System.out.printf(output);
} else {
System.out.println("No solution found.");
}
// Statistics.
System.out.println("Statistics");
System.out.printf(" conflicts: %d%n", solver.numConflicts());
System.out.printf(" branches : %d%n", solver.numBranches());
System.out.printf(" wall time: %f s%n", solver.wallTime());
}
private MinimalJobshopSat() {}
}
C#
using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using Google.OrTools.Sat;
public class ScheduleRequestsSat
{
private class AssignedTask : IComparable
{
public int jobID;
public int taskID;
public int start;
public int duration;
public AssignedTask(int jobID, int taskID, int start, int duration)
{
this.jobID = jobID;
this.taskID = taskID;
this.start = start;
this.duration = duration;
}
public int CompareTo(object obj)
{
if (obj == null)
return 1;
AssignedTask otherTask = obj as AssignedTask;
if (otherTask != null)
{
if (this.start != otherTask.start)
return this.start.CompareTo(otherTask.start);
else
return this.duration.CompareTo(otherTask.duration);
}
else
throw new ArgumentException("Object is not a Temperature");
}
}
public static void Main(String[] args)
{
var allJobs =
new[] {
new[] {
// job0
new { machine = 0, duration = 3 }, // task0
new { machine = 1, duration = 2 }, // task1
new { machine = 2, duration = 2 }, // task2
}
.ToList(),
new[] {
// job1
new { machine = 0, duration = 2 }, // task0
new { machine = 2, duration = 1 }, // task1
new { machine = 1, duration = 4 }, // task2
}
.ToList(),
new[] {
// job2
new { machine = 1, duration = 4 }, // task0
new { machine = 2, duration = 3 }, // task1
}
.ToList(),
}
.ToList();
int numMachines = 0;
foreach (var job in allJobs)
{
foreach (var task in job)
{
numMachines = Math.Max(numMachines, 1 + task.machine);
}
}
int[] allMachines = Enumerable.Range(0, numMachines).ToArray();
// Computes horizon dynamically as the sum of all durations.
int horizon = 0;
foreach (var job in allJobs)
{
foreach (var task in job)
{
horizon += task.duration;
}
}
// Creates the model.
CpModel model = new CpModel();
Dictionary<Tuple<int, int>, Tuple<IntVar, IntVar, IntervalVar>> allTasks =
new Dictionary<Tuple<int, int>, Tuple<IntVar, IntVar, IntervalVar>>(); // (start, end, duration)
Dictionary<int, List<IntervalVar>> machineToIntervals = new Dictionary<int, List<IntervalVar>>();
for (int jobID = 0; jobID < allJobs.Count(); ++jobID)
{
var job = allJobs[jobID];
for (int taskID = 0; taskID < job.Count(); ++taskID)
{
var task = job[taskID];
String suffix = $"_{jobID}_{taskID}";
IntVar start = model.NewIntVar(0, horizon, "start" + suffix);
IntVar end = model.NewIntVar(0, horizon, "end" + suffix);
IntervalVar interval = model.NewIntervalVar(start, task.duration, end, "interval" + suffix);
var key = Tuple.Create(jobID, taskID);
allTasks[key] = Tuple.Create(start, end, interval);
if (!machineToIntervals.ContainsKey(task.machine))
{
machineToIntervals.Add(task.machine, new List<IntervalVar>());
}
machineToIntervals[task.machine].Add(interval);
}
}
// Create and add disjunctive constraints.
foreach (int machine in allMachines)
{
model.AddNoOverlap(machineToIntervals[machine]);
}
// Precedences inside a job.
for (int jobID = 0; jobID < allJobs.Count(); ++jobID)
{
var job = allJobs[jobID];
for (int taskID = 0; taskID < job.Count() - 1; ++taskID)
{
var key = Tuple.Create(jobID, taskID);
var nextKey = Tuple.Create(jobID, taskID + 1);
model.Add(allTasks[nextKey].Item1 >= allTasks[key].Item2);
}
}
// Makespan objective.
IntVar objVar = model.NewIntVar(0, horizon, "makespan");
List<IntVar> ends = new List<IntVar>();
for (int jobID = 0; jobID < allJobs.Count(); ++jobID)
{
var job = allJobs[jobID];
var key = Tuple.Create(jobID, job.Count() - 1);
ends.Add(allTasks[key].Item2);
}
model.AddMaxEquality(objVar, ends);
model.Minimize(objVar);
// Solve
CpSolver solver = new CpSolver();
CpSolverStatus status = solver.Solve(model);
Console.WriteLine($"Solve status: {status}");
if (status == CpSolverStatus.Optimal || status == CpSolverStatus.Feasible)
{
Console.WriteLine("Solution:");
Dictionary<int, List<AssignedTask>> assignedJobs = new Dictionary<int, List<AssignedTask>>();
for (int jobID = 0; jobID < allJobs.Count(); ++jobID)
{
var job = allJobs[jobID];
for (int taskID = 0; taskID < job.Count(); ++taskID)
{
var task = job[taskID];
var key = Tuple.Create(jobID, taskID);
int start = (int)solver.Value(allTasks[key].Item1);
if (!assignedJobs.ContainsKey(task.machine))
{
assignedJobs.Add(task.machine, new List<AssignedTask>());
}
assignedJobs[task.machine].Add(new AssignedTask(jobID, taskID, start, task.duration));
}
}
// Create per machine output lines.
String output = "";
foreach (int machine in allMachines)
{
// Sort by starting time.
assignedJobs[machine].Sort();
String solLineTasks = $"Machine {machine}: ";
String solLine = " ";
foreach (var assignedTask in assignedJobs[machine])
{
String name = $"job_{assignedTask.jobID}_task_{assignedTask.taskID}";
// Add spaces to output to align columns.
solLineTasks += $"{name,-15}";
String solTmp = $"[{assignedTask.start},{assignedTask.start+assignedTask.duration}]";
// Add spaces to output to align columns.
solLine += $"{solTmp,-15}";
}
output += solLineTasks + "\n";
output += solLine + "\n";
}
// Finally print the solution found.
Console.WriteLine($"Optimal Schedule Length: {solver.ObjectiveValue}");
Console.WriteLine($"\n{output}");
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine("No solution found.");
}
Console.WriteLine("Statistics");
Console.WriteLine($" conflicts: {solver.NumConflicts()}");
Console.WriteLine($" branches : {solver.NumBranches()}");
Console.WriteLine($" wall time: {solver.WallTime()}s");
}
}