Trong phần này, chúng tôi giải thích cách xử lý các vấn đề liên quan đến việc định tuyến không có giải pháp khả thi do các hạn chế. Ví dụ: Nếu bạn có một VRP có giới hạn về sức chứa, trong đó tổng nhu cầu tại tất cả các địa điểm vượt quá tổng sức chứa của xe, thì bạn không thể có giải pháp. Trong trường hợp này, xe phải ghé thăm một số địa điểm. Vấn đề là cách quyết định thả lượt truy cập nào.
Để giải quyết vấn đề này, chúng tôi đưa ra các chi phí mới – còn gọi là hình phạt – tại tất cả các địa điểm. Bất cứ khi nào có một lượt ghé thăm một địa điểm bị bỏ qua, hình phạt sẽ được thêm vào tổng quãng đường đã đi. Sau đó, trình giải mã sẽ tìm một tuyến đường để giảm thiểu tổng quãng đường cộng với tổng số hình phạt cho tất cả vị trí đã thả.
Ví dụ: hãy xem xét VRP đơn giản với các hạn chế về dung lượng do biểu đồ dưới đây cung cấp, trong đó các con số bên cạnh 3 vị trí (ngoài kho) là nhu cầu.
Giả sử chỉ có một xe có sức chứa là 50. Hệ thống không thể truy cập vào cả ba vị trí A, B và C, vì tổng nhu cầu là 60. Để giải quyết vấn đề đó,
bạn chỉ định một hình phạt lớn — chẳng hạn như 100 — cho mỗi vị trí. Sau khi phát hiện vấn đề không khả thi, trình giải toán sẽ bỏ vị trí B và trả về tuyến đường sau: Depot -> A -> C -> Depot
Đây là tuyến đường ngắn nhất sẽ ghé thăm hai trong ba vị trí (khoảng cách là 55).
Kích thước phạt đền
Trong ví dụ trên, chúng tôi đã chọn các hình phạt lớn hơn tổng của tất cả các khoảng cách giữa các vị trí (ngoại trừ kho). Do đó, sau khi thả một vị trí để bài toán có thể thực hiện được, trình giải quyết sẽ không bỏ thêm vị trí nào vì hình phạt nếu làm như vậy sẽ vượt quá mọi quãng đường đi được.
Giả sử bạn muốn thực hiện nhiều lượt phân phối nhất có thể, hãy đưa ra giải pháp thoả đáng cho vấn đề này.
Nếu không cần thực hiện nhiều lượt phân phối nhất có thể, bạn nên chỉ định hình phạt nhỏ hơn. Trong trường hợp đó, trình giải có thể bỏ nhiều vị trí hơn mức cần thiết để giải quyết vấn đề. Ví dụ: bạn có thể thực hiện việc này nếu có chi phí bổ sung, cao hơn chi phí đi lại cơ bản, khi đến một số địa điểm nhất định.
Ví dụ:
Tiếp theo, chúng tôi sẽ trình bày một ví dụ lớn hơn về thực tế ảo có thể giải quyết được bằng hình phạt. Ví dụ này tương tự như ví dụ về CVRP trước, nhưng lần này chúng tôi đã tăng số lượng nhu cầu, buộc một số phương tiện phải giảm số lượt truy cập.
Biểu đồ về các vị trí và nhu cầu mới được trình bày dưới đây.
Giải quyết ví dụ bằng OR-Tools
Các phần sau giải thích cách giải quyết ví dụ này bằng OR-Tools.
Tạo dữ liệu
Dữ liệu cho ví dụ này bao gồm dữ liệu trong ví dụ về VRP trước, cũng như thêm các nhu cầu và dung lượng sau:
Python
data["demands"] = [0, 1, 1, 3, 6, 3, 6, 8, 8, 1, 2, 1, 2, 6, 6, 8, 8]
data["vehicle_capacities"] = [15, 15, 15, 15]
C++
const std::vector<int64_t> demands{
0, 1, 1, 3, 6, 3, 6, 8, 8, 1, 2, 1, 2, 6, 6, 8, 8,
};
const std::vector<int64_t> vehicle_capacities{15, 15, 15, 15};
Java
public final long[] demands = {0, 1, 1, 3, 6, 3, 6, 8, 8, 1, 2, 1, 2, 6, 6, 8, 8};
public final long[] vehicleCapacities = {15, 15, 15, 15};
C#
public long[] Demands = { 0, 1, 1, 3, 6, 3, 6, 8, 8, 1, 2, 1, 2, 6, 6, 8, 8 };
public long[] VehicleCapacities = { 15, 15, 15, 15 };
Thêm các giới hạn về dung lượng và các hình phạt
Mã sau đây thêm lệnh gọi lại nhu cầu và giới hạn dung lượng, đồng thời thêm hình phạt bằng phương thức
AddDisjunction.
Python
def demand_callback(from_index):
"""Returns the demand of the node."""
# Convert from routing variable Index to demands NodeIndex.
from_node = manager.IndexToNode(from_index)
return data["demands"][from_node]
demand_callback_index = routing.RegisterUnaryTransitCallback(demand_callback)
routing.AddDimensionWithVehicleCapacity(
demand_callback_index,
0, # null capacity slack
data["vehicle_capacities"], # vehicle maximum capacities
True, # start cumul to zero
"Capacity",
)
# Allow to drop nodes.
penalty = 1000
for node in range(1, len(data["distance_matrix"])):
routing.AddDisjunction([manager.NodeToIndex(node)], penalty)
C++
const int demand_callback_index = routing.RegisterUnaryTransitCallback(
[&data, &manager](const int64_t from_index) -> int64_t {
// Convert from routing variable Index to demand NodeIndex.
const int from_node = manager.IndexToNode(from_index).value();
return data.demands[from_node];
});
routing.AddDimensionWithVehicleCapacity(
demand_callback_index, // transit callback index
int64_t{0}, // null capacity slack
data.vehicle_capacities, // vehicle maximum capacities
true, // start cumul to zero
"Capacity");
// Allow to drop nodes.
int64_t penalty{1000};
for (int i = 1; i < data.distance_matrix.size(); ++i) {
routing.AddDisjunction(
{manager.NodeToIndex(RoutingIndexManager::NodeIndex(i))}, penalty);
}
Java
final int demandCallbackIndex = routing.registerUnaryTransitCallback((long fromIndex) -> {
// Convert from routing variable Index to user NodeIndex.
int fromNode = manager.indexToNode(fromIndex);
return data.demands[fromNode];
});
routing.addDimensionWithVehicleCapacity(demandCallbackIndex, 0, // null capacity slack
data.vehicleCapacities, // vehicle maximum capacities
true, // start cumul to zero
"Capacity");
// Allow to drop nodes.
long penalty = 1000;
for (int i = 1; i < data.distanceMatrix.length; ++i) {
routing.addDisjunction(new long[] {manager.nodeToIndex(i)}, penalty);
}
C#
int demandCallbackIndex = routing.RegisterUnaryTransitCallback((long fromIndex) =>
{
// Convert from routing variable Index to
// demand NodeIndex.
var fromNode =
manager.IndexToNode(fromIndex);
return data.Demands[fromNode];
});
routing.AddDimensionWithVehicleCapacity(demandCallbackIndex, 0, // null capacity slack
data.VehicleCapacities, // vehicle maximum capacities
true, // start cumul to zero
"Capacity");
// Allow to drop nodes.
long penalty = 1000;
for (int i = 1; i < data.DistanceMatrix.GetLength(0); ++i)
{
routing.AddDisjunction(new long[] { manager.NodeToIndex(i) }, penalty);
}
Trong ngữ cảnh này, thông báo chỉ đơn giản là một biến mà trình giải toán sử dụng để quyết định có đưa một vị trí nhất định vào giải pháp hay không. Trong ví dụ này, phương thức sẽ thêm cùng một hình phạt cho từng vị trí, nhưng nhìn chung, bạn có thể thêm các hình phạt khác nhau vào các vị trí khác nhau.
Thêm máy in giải pháp
Máy in giải pháp (như minh hoạ dưới đây) tương tự như máy in trong ví dụ về CVRP, nhưng cũng hiển thị các vị trí bị bỏ qua.
Python
def print_solution(data, manager, routing, assignment):
"""Prints assignment on console."""
print(f"Objective: {assignment.ObjectiveValue()}")
# Display dropped nodes.
dropped_nodes = "Dropped nodes:"
for node in range(routing.Size()):
if routing.IsStart(node) or routing.IsEnd(node):
continue
if assignment.Value(routing.NextVar(node)) == node:
dropped_nodes += f" {manager.IndexToNode(node)}"
print(dropped_nodes)
# Display routes
total_distance = 0
total_load = 0
for vehicle_id in range(data["num_vehicles"]):
index = routing.Start(vehicle_id)
plan_output = f"Route for vehicle {vehicle_id}:\n"
route_distance = 0
route_load = 0
while not routing.IsEnd(index):
node_index = manager.IndexToNode(index)
route_load += data["demands"][node_index]
plan_output += f" {node_index} Load({route_load}) -> "
previous_index = index
index = assignment.Value(routing.NextVar(index))
route_distance += routing.GetArcCostForVehicle(
previous_index, index, vehicle_id
)
plan_output += f" {manager.IndexToNode(index)} Load({route_load})\n"
plan_output += f"Distance of the route: {route_distance}m\n"
plan_output += f"Load of the route: {route_load}\n"
print(plan_output)
total_distance += route_distance
total_load += route_load
print(f"Total Distance of all routes: {total_distance}m")
print(f"Total Load of all routes: {total_load}")
C++
//! @brief Print the solution.
//! @param[in] data Data of the problem.
//! @param[in] manager Index manager used.
//! @param[in] routing Routing solver used.
//! @param[in] solution Solution found by the solver.
void PrintSolution(const DataModel& data, const RoutingIndexManager& manager,
const RoutingModel& routing, const Assignment& solution) {
// Display dropped nodes.
std::ostringstream dropped_nodes;
for (int64_t node = 0; node < routing.Size(); ++node) {
if (routing.IsStart(node) || routing.IsEnd(node)) continue;
if (solution.Value(routing.NextVar(node)) == node) {
dropped_nodes << " " << manager.IndexToNode(node).value();
}
}
LOG(INFO) << "Dropped nodes:" << dropped_nodes.str();
// Display routes
int64_t total_distance{0};
int64_t total_load{0};
for (int vehicle_id = 0; vehicle_id < data.num_vehicles; ++vehicle_id) {
int64_t index = routing.Start(vehicle_id);
LOG(INFO) << "Route for Vehicle " << vehicle_id << ":";
int64_t route_distance{0};
int64_t route_load{0};
std::ostringstream route;
while (!routing.IsEnd(index)) {
const int node_index = manager.IndexToNode(index).value();
route_load += data.demands[node_index];
route << node_index << " Load(" << route_load << ") -> ";
const int64_t previous_index = index;
index = solution.Value(routing.NextVar(index));
route_distance += routing.GetArcCostForVehicle(previous_index, index,
int64_t{vehicle_id});
}
LOG(INFO) << route.str() << manager.IndexToNode(index).value();
LOG(INFO) << "Distance of the route: " << route_distance << "m";
LOG(INFO) << "Load of the route: " << route_load;
total_distance += route_distance;
total_load += route_load;
}
LOG(INFO) << "Total distance of all routes: " << total_distance << "m";
LOG(INFO) << "Total load of all routes: " << total_load;
LOG(INFO) << "";
LOG(INFO) << "Advanced usage:";
LOG(INFO) << "Problem solved in " << routing.solver()->wall_time() << "ms";
}
Java
/// @brief Print the solution.
static void printSolution(
DataModel data, RoutingModel routing, RoutingIndexManager manager, Assignment solution) {
// Solution cost.
logger.info("Objective: " + solution.objectiveValue());
// Inspect solution.
// Display dropped nodes.
String droppedNodes = "Dropped nodes:";
for (int node = 0; node < routing.size(); ++node) {
if (routing.isStart(node) || routing.isEnd(node)) {
continue;
}
if (solution.value(routing.nextVar(node)) == node) {
droppedNodes += " " + manager.indexToNode(node);
}
}
logger.info(droppedNodes);
// Display routes
long totalDistance = 0;
long totalLoad = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < data.vehicleNumber; ++i) {
long index = routing.start(i);
logger.info("Route for Vehicle " + i + ":");
long routeDistance = 0;
long routeLoad = 0;
String route = "";
while (!routing.isEnd(index)) {
long nodeIndex = manager.indexToNode(index);
routeLoad += data.demands[(int) nodeIndex];
route += nodeIndex + " Load(" + routeLoad + ") -> ";
long previousIndex = index;
index = solution.value(routing.nextVar(index));
routeDistance += routing.getArcCostForVehicle(previousIndex, index, i);
}
route += manager.indexToNode(routing.end(i));
logger.info(route);
logger.info("Distance of the route: " + routeDistance + "m");
totalDistance += routeDistance;
totalLoad += routeLoad;
}
logger.info("Total Distance of all routes: " + totalDistance + "m");
logger.info("Total Load of all routes: " + totalLoad);
}
C#
/// <summary>
/// Print the solution.
/// </summary>
static void PrintSolution(in DataModel data, in RoutingModel routing, in RoutingIndexManager manager,
in Assignment solution)
{
Console.WriteLine($"Objective {solution.ObjectiveValue()}:");
// Inspect solution.
// Display dropped nodes.
string droppedNodes = "Dropped nodes:";
for (int index = 0; index < routing.Size(); ++index)
{
if (routing.IsStart(index) || routing.IsEnd(index))
{
continue;
}
if (solution.Value(routing.NextVar(index)) == index)
{
droppedNodes += " " + manager.IndexToNode(index);
}
}
Console.WriteLine("{0}", droppedNodes);
// Inspect solution.
long totalDistance = 0;
long totalLoad = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < data.VehicleNumber; ++i)
{
Console.WriteLine("Route for Vehicle {0}:", i);
long routeDistance = 0;
long routeLoad = 0;
var index = routing.Start(i);
while (routing.IsEnd(index) == false)
{
long nodeIndex = manager.IndexToNode(index);
routeLoad += data.Demands[nodeIndex];
Console.Write("{0} Load({1}) -> ", nodeIndex, routeLoad);
var previousIndex = index;
index = solution.Value(routing.NextVar(index));
routeDistance += routing.GetArcCostForVehicle(previousIndex, index, 0);
}
Console.WriteLine("{0}", manager.IndexToNode((int)index));
Console.WriteLine("Distance of the route: {0}m", routeDistance);
totalDistance += routeDistance;
totalLoad += routeLoad;
}
Console.WriteLine("Total Distance of all routes: {0}m", totalDistance);
Console.WriteLine("Total Load of all routes: {0}m", totalLoad);
}
Chạy chương trình
Khi chạy chương trình, bạn sẽ nhận được kết quả sau đây. Lưu ý rằng trình giải toán bỏ vị trí 6 và 15.
Objective: 7936 Dropped nodes: 6 15 Route for vehicle 0: 0 Load(0) -> 9 Load(1) -> 14 Load(7) -> 16 Load(15) -> 0 Load(15) Distance of the route: 1324m Load of the route: 15 Route for vehicle 1: 0 Load(0) -> 12 Load(2) -> 11 Load(3) -> 4 Load(9) -> 3 Load(12) -> 1 Load(13) -> 0 Load(13) Distance of the route: 1872m Load of the route: 13 Route for vehicle 2: 0 Load(0) -> 7 Load(8) -> 13 Load(14) -> 0 Load(14) Distance of the route: 868m Load of the route: 14 Route for vehicle 3: 0 Load(0) -> 8 Load(8) -> 10 Load(10) -> 2 Load(11) -> 5 Load(14) -> 0 Load(14) Distance of the route: 1872m Load of the route: 14 Total Distance of all routes: 5936m Total Load of all routes: 56
Sau đây là sơ đồ các tuyến đường.
Hoàn thành chương trình
Sau đây là các chương trình hoàn chỉnh.
Python
"""Capacited Vehicles Routing Problem (CVRP)."""
from ortools.constraint_solver import routing_enums_pb2
from ortools.constraint_solver import pywrapcp
def create_data_model():
"""Stores the data for the problem."""
data = {}
data["distance_matrix"] = [
# fmt: off
[0, 548, 776, 696, 582, 274, 502, 194, 308, 194, 536, 502, 388, 354, 468, 776, 662],
[548, 0, 684, 308, 194, 502, 730, 354, 696, 742, 1084, 594, 480, 674, 1016, 868, 1210],
[776, 684, 0, 992, 878, 502, 274, 810, 468, 742, 400, 1278, 1164, 1130, 788, 1552, 754],
[696, 308, 992, 0, 114, 650, 878, 502, 844, 890, 1232, 514, 628, 822, 1164, 560, 1358],
[582, 194, 878, 114, 0, 536, 764, 388, 730, 776, 1118, 400, 514, 708, 1050, 674, 1244],
[274, 502, 502, 650, 536, 0, 228, 308, 194, 240, 582, 776, 662, 628, 514, 1050, 708],
[502, 730, 274, 878, 764, 228, 0, 536, 194, 468, 354, 1004, 890, 856, 514, 1278, 480],
[194, 354, 810, 502, 388, 308, 536, 0, 342, 388, 730, 468, 354, 320, 662, 742, 856],
[308, 696, 468, 844, 730, 194, 194, 342, 0, 274, 388, 810, 696, 662, 320, 1084, 514],
[194, 742, 742, 890, 776, 240, 468, 388, 274, 0, 342, 536, 422, 388, 274, 810, 468],
[536, 1084, 400, 1232, 1118, 582, 354, 730, 388, 342, 0, 878, 764, 730, 388, 1152, 354],
[502, 594, 1278, 514, 400, 776, 1004, 468, 810, 536, 878, 0, 114, 308, 650, 274, 844],
[388, 480, 1164, 628, 514, 662, 890, 354, 696, 422, 764, 114, 0, 194, 536, 388, 730],
[354, 674, 1130, 822, 708, 628, 856, 320, 662, 388, 730, 308, 194, 0, 342, 422, 536],
[468, 1016, 788, 1164, 1050, 514, 514, 662, 320, 274, 388, 650, 536, 342, 0, 764, 194],
[776, 868, 1552, 560, 674, 1050, 1278, 742, 1084, 810, 1152, 274, 388, 422, 764, 0, 798],
[662, 1210, 754, 1358, 1244, 708, 480, 856, 514, 468, 354, 844, 730, 536, 194, 798, 0],
# fmt: on
]
data["demands"] = [0, 1, 1, 3, 6, 3, 6, 8, 8, 1, 2, 1, 2, 6, 6, 8, 8]
data["vehicle_capacities"] = [15, 15, 15, 15]
data["num_vehicles"] = 4
data["depot"] = 0
return data
def print_solution(data, manager, routing, assignment):
"""Prints assignment on console."""
print(f"Objective: {assignment.ObjectiveValue()}")
# Display dropped nodes.
dropped_nodes = "Dropped nodes:"
for node in range(routing.Size()):
if routing.IsStart(node) or routing.IsEnd(node):
continue
if assignment.Value(routing.NextVar(node)) == node:
dropped_nodes += f" {manager.IndexToNode(node)}"
print(dropped_nodes)
# Display routes
total_distance = 0
total_load = 0
for vehicle_id in range(data["num_vehicles"]):
index = routing.Start(vehicle_id)
plan_output = f"Route for vehicle {vehicle_id}:\n"
route_distance = 0
route_load = 0
while not routing.IsEnd(index):
node_index = manager.IndexToNode(index)
route_load += data["demands"][node_index]
plan_output += f" {node_index} Load({route_load}) -> "
previous_index = index
index = assignment.Value(routing.NextVar(index))
route_distance += routing.GetArcCostForVehicle(
previous_index, index, vehicle_id
)
plan_output += f" {manager.IndexToNode(index)} Load({route_load})\n"
plan_output += f"Distance of the route: {route_distance}m\n"
plan_output += f"Load of the route: {route_load}\n"
print(plan_output)
total_distance += route_distance
total_load += route_load
print(f"Total Distance of all routes: {total_distance}m")
print(f"Total Load of all routes: {total_load}")
def main():
"""Solve the CVRP problem."""
# Instantiate the data problem.
data = create_data_model()
# Create the routing index manager.
manager = pywrapcp.RoutingIndexManager(
len(data["distance_matrix"]), data["num_vehicles"], data["depot"]
)
# Create Routing Model.
routing = pywrapcp.RoutingModel(manager)
# Create and register a transit callback.
def distance_callback(from_index, to_index):
"""Returns the distance between the two nodes."""
# Convert from routing variable Index to distance matrix NodeIndex.
from_node = manager.IndexToNode(from_index)
to_node = manager.IndexToNode(to_index)
return data["distance_matrix"][from_node][to_node]
transit_callback_index = routing.RegisterTransitCallback(distance_callback)
# Define cost of each arc.
routing.SetArcCostEvaluatorOfAllVehicles(transit_callback_index)
# Add Capacity constraint.
def demand_callback(from_index):
"""Returns the demand of the node."""
# Convert from routing variable Index to demands NodeIndex.
from_node = manager.IndexToNode(from_index)
return data["demands"][from_node]
demand_callback_index = routing.RegisterUnaryTransitCallback(demand_callback)
routing.AddDimensionWithVehicleCapacity(
demand_callback_index,
0, # null capacity slack
data["vehicle_capacities"], # vehicle maximum capacities
True, # start cumul to zero
"Capacity",
)
# Allow to drop nodes.
penalty = 1000
for node in range(1, len(data["distance_matrix"])):
routing.AddDisjunction([manager.NodeToIndex(node)], penalty)
# Setting first solution heuristic.
search_parameters = pywrapcp.DefaultRoutingSearchParameters()
search_parameters.first_solution_strategy = (
routing_enums_pb2.FirstSolutionStrategy.PATH_CHEAPEST_ARC
)
search_parameters.local_search_metaheuristic = (
routing_enums_pb2.LocalSearchMetaheuristic.GUIDED_LOCAL_SEARCH
)
search_parameters.time_limit.FromSeconds(1)
# Solve the problem.
assignment = routing.SolveWithParameters(search_parameters)
# Print solution on console.
if assignment:
print_solution(data, manager, routing, assignment)
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
C++
#include <cstdint>
#include <sstream>
#include <vector>
#include "google/protobuf/duration.pb.h"
#include "ortools/constraint_solver/routing.h"
#include "ortools/constraint_solver/routing_enums.pb.h"
#include "ortools/constraint_solver/routing_index_manager.h"
#include "ortools/constraint_solver/routing_parameters.h"
namespace operations_research {
struct DataModel {
const std::vector<std::vector<int64_t>> distance_matrix{
{0, 548, 776, 696, 582, 274, 502, 194, 308, 194, 536, 502, 388, 354, 468,
776, 662},
{548, 0, 684, 308, 194, 502, 730, 354, 696, 742, 1084, 594, 480, 674,
1016, 868, 1210},
{776, 684, 0, 992, 878, 502, 274, 810, 468, 742, 400, 1278, 1164, 1130,
788, 1552, 754},
{696, 308, 992, 0, 114, 650, 878, 502, 844, 890, 1232, 514, 628, 822,
1164, 560, 1358},
{582, 194, 878, 114, 0, 536, 764, 388, 730, 776, 1118, 400, 514, 708,
1050, 674, 1244},
{274, 502, 502, 650, 536, 0, 228, 308, 194, 240, 582, 776, 662, 628, 514,
1050, 708},
{502, 730, 274, 878, 764, 228, 0, 536, 194, 468, 354, 1004, 890, 856, 514,
1278, 480},
{194, 354, 810, 502, 388, 308, 536, 0, 342, 388, 730, 468, 354, 320, 662,
742, 856},
{308, 696, 468, 844, 730, 194, 194, 342, 0, 274, 388, 810, 696, 662, 320,
1084, 514},
{194, 742, 742, 890, 776, 240, 468, 388, 274, 0, 342, 536, 422, 388, 274,
810, 468},
{536, 1084, 400, 1232, 1118, 582, 354, 730, 388, 342, 0, 878, 764, 730,
388, 1152, 354},
{502, 594, 1278, 514, 400, 776, 1004, 468, 810, 536, 878, 0, 114, 308,
650, 274, 844},
{388, 480, 1164, 628, 514, 662, 890, 354, 696, 422, 764, 114, 0, 194, 536,
388, 730},
{354, 674, 1130, 822, 708, 628, 856, 320, 662, 388, 730, 308, 194, 0, 342,
422, 536},
{468, 1016, 788, 1164, 1050, 514, 514, 662, 320, 274, 388, 650, 536, 342,
0, 764, 194},
{776, 868, 1552, 560, 674, 1050, 1278, 742, 1084, 810, 1152, 274, 388,
422, 764, 0, 798},
{662, 1210, 754, 1358, 1244, 708, 480, 856, 514, 468, 354, 844, 730, 536,
194, 798, 0},
};
const std::vector<int64_t> demands{
0, 1, 1, 3, 6, 3, 6, 8, 8, 1, 2, 1, 2, 6, 6, 8, 8,
};
const std::vector<int64_t> vehicle_capacities{15, 15, 15, 15};
const int num_vehicles = 4;
const RoutingIndexManager::NodeIndex depot{0};
};
//! @brief Print the solution.
//! @param[in] data Data of the problem.
//! @param[in] manager Index manager used.
//! @param[in] routing Routing solver used.
//! @param[in] solution Solution found by the solver.
void PrintSolution(const DataModel& data, const RoutingIndexManager& manager,
const RoutingModel& routing, const Assignment& solution) {
// Display dropped nodes.
std::ostringstream dropped_nodes;
for (int64_t node = 0; node < routing.Size(); ++node) {
if (routing.IsStart(node) || routing.IsEnd(node)) continue;
if (solution.Value(routing.NextVar(node)) == node) {
dropped_nodes << " " << manager.IndexToNode(node).value();
}
}
LOG(INFO) << "Dropped nodes:" << dropped_nodes.str();
// Display routes
int64_t total_distance{0};
int64_t total_load{0};
for (int vehicle_id = 0; vehicle_id < data.num_vehicles; ++vehicle_id) {
int64_t index = routing.Start(vehicle_id);
LOG(INFO) << "Route for Vehicle " << vehicle_id << ":";
int64_t route_distance{0};
int64_t route_load{0};
std::ostringstream route;
while (!routing.IsEnd(index)) {
const int node_index = manager.IndexToNode(index).value();
route_load += data.demands[node_index];
route << node_index << " Load(" << route_load << ") -> ";
const int64_t previous_index = index;
index = solution.Value(routing.NextVar(index));
route_distance += routing.GetArcCostForVehicle(previous_index, index,
int64_t{vehicle_id});
}
LOG(INFO) << route.str() << manager.IndexToNode(index).value();
LOG(INFO) << "Distance of the route: " << route_distance << "m";
LOG(INFO) << "Load of the route: " << route_load;
total_distance += route_distance;
total_load += route_load;
}
LOG(INFO) << "Total distance of all routes: " << total_distance << "m";
LOG(INFO) << "Total load of all routes: " << total_load;
LOG(INFO) << "";
LOG(INFO) << "Advanced usage:";
LOG(INFO) << "Problem solved in " << routing.solver()->wall_time() << "ms";
}
void VrpDropNodes() {
// Instantiate the data problem.
DataModel data;
// Create Routing Index Manager
RoutingIndexManager manager(data.distance_matrix.size(), data.num_vehicles,
data.depot);
// Create Routing Model.
RoutingModel routing(manager);
// Create and register a transit callback.
const int transit_callback_index = routing.RegisterTransitCallback(
[&data, &manager](const int64_t from_index,
const int64_t to_index) -> int64_t {
// Convert from routing variable Index to distance matrix NodeIndex.
const int from_node = manager.IndexToNode(from_index).value();
const int to_node = manager.IndexToNode(to_index).value();
return data.distance_matrix[from_node][to_node];
});
// Define cost of each arc.
routing.SetArcCostEvaluatorOfAllVehicles(transit_callback_index);
// Add Capacity constraint.
const int demand_callback_index = routing.RegisterUnaryTransitCallback(
[&data, &manager](const int64_t from_index) -> int64_t {
// Convert from routing variable Index to demand NodeIndex.
const int from_node = manager.IndexToNode(from_index).value();
return data.demands[from_node];
});
routing.AddDimensionWithVehicleCapacity(
demand_callback_index, // transit callback index
int64_t{0}, // null capacity slack
data.vehicle_capacities, // vehicle maximum capacities
true, // start cumul to zero
"Capacity");
// Allow to drop nodes.
int64_t penalty{1000};
for (int i = 1; i < data.distance_matrix.size(); ++i) {
routing.AddDisjunction(
{manager.NodeToIndex(RoutingIndexManager::NodeIndex(i))}, penalty);
}
// Setting first solution heuristic.
RoutingSearchParameters search_parameters = DefaultRoutingSearchParameters();
search_parameters.set_first_solution_strategy(
FirstSolutionStrategy::PATH_CHEAPEST_ARC);
search_parameters.set_local_search_metaheuristic(
LocalSearchMetaheuristic::GUIDED_LOCAL_SEARCH);
search_parameters.mutable_time_limit()->set_seconds(1);
// Solve the problem.
const Assignment* solution = routing.SolveWithParameters(search_parameters);
// Print solution on console.
PrintSolution(data, manager, routing, *solution);
}
} // namespace operations_research
int main(int /*argc*/, char* /*argv*/[]) {
operations_research::VrpDropNodes();
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
Java
package com.google.ortools.constraintsolver.samples;
import com.google.ortools.Loader;
import com.google.ortools.constraintsolver.Assignment;
import com.google.ortools.constraintsolver.FirstSolutionStrategy;
import com.google.ortools.constraintsolver.LocalSearchMetaheuristic;
import com.google.ortools.constraintsolver.RoutingIndexManager;
import com.google.ortools.constraintsolver.RoutingModel;
import com.google.ortools.constraintsolver.RoutingSearchParameters;
import com.google.ortools.constraintsolver.main;
import com.google.protobuf.Duration;
import java.util.logging.Logger;
/** Minimal VRP.*/
public class VrpDropNodes {
private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(VrpDropNodes.class.getName());
static class DataModel {
public final long[][] distanceMatrix = {
{0, 548, 776, 696, 582, 274, 502, 194, 308, 194, 536, 502, 388, 354, 468, 776, 662},
{548, 0, 684, 308, 194, 502, 730, 354, 696, 742, 1084, 594, 480, 674, 1016, 868, 1210},
{776, 684, 0, 992, 878, 502, 274, 810, 468, 742, 400, 1278, 1164, 1130, 788, 1552, 754},
{696, 308, 992, 0, 114, 650, 878, 502, 844, 890, 1232, 514, 628, 822, 1164, 560, 1358},
{582, 194, 878, 114, 0, 536, 764, 388, 730, 776, 1118, 400, 514, 708, 1050, 674, 1244},
{274, 502, 502, 650, 536, 0, 228, 308, 194, 240, 582, 776, 662, 628, 514, 1050, 708},
{502, 730, 274, 878, 764, 228, 0, 536, 194, 468, 354, 1004, 890, 856, 514, 1278, 480},
{194, 354, 810, 502, 388, 308, 536, 0, 342, 388, 730, 468, 354, 320, 662, 742, 856},
{308, 696, 468, 844, 730, 194, 194, 342, 0, 274, 388, 810, 696, 662, 320, 1084, 514},
{194, 742, 742, 890, 776, 240, 468, 388, 274, 0, 342, 536, 422, 388, 274, 810, 468},
{536, 1084, 400, 1232, 1118, 582, 354, 730, 388, 342, 0, 878, 764, 730, 388, 1152, 354},
{502, 594, 1278, 514, 400, 776, 1004, 468, 810, 536, 878, 0, 114, 308, 650, 274, 844},
{388, 480, 1164, 628, 514, 662, 890, 354, 696, 422, 764, 114, 0, 194, 536, 388, 730},
{354, 674, 1130, 822, 708, 628, 856, 320, 662, 388, 730, 308, 194, 0, 342, 422, 536},
{468, 1016, 788, 1164, 1050, 514, 514, 662, 320, 274, 388, 650, 536, 342, 0, 764, 194},
{776, 868, 1552, 560, 674, 1050, 1278, 742, 1084, 810, 1152, 274, 388, 422, 764, 0, 798},
{662, 1210, 754, 1358, 1244, 708, 480, 856, 514, 468, 354, 844, 730, 536, 194, 798, 0},
};
public final long[] demands = {0, 1, 1, 3, 6, 3, 6, 8, 8, 1, 2, 1, 2, 6, 6, 8, 8};
public final long[] vehicleCapacities = {15, 15, 15, 15};
public final int vehicleNumber = 4;
public final int depot = 0;
}
/// @brief Print the solution.
static void printSolution(
DataModel data, RoutingModel routing, RoutingIndexManager manager, Assignment solution) {
// Solution cost.
logger.info("Objective: " + solution.objectiveValue());
// Inspect solution.
// Display dropped nodes.
String droppedNodes = "Dropped nodes:";
for (int node = 0; node < routing.size(); ++node) {
if (routing.isStart(node) || routing.isEnd(node)) {
continue;
}
if (solution.value(routing.nextVar(node)) == node) {
droppedNodes += " " + manager.indexToNode(node);
}
}
logger.info(droppedNodes);
// Display routes
long totalDistance = 0;
long totalLoad = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < data.vehicleNumber; ++i) {
long index = routing.start(i);
logger.info("Route for Vehicle " + i + ":");
long routeDistance = 0;
long routeLoad = 0;
String route = "";
while (!routing.isEnd(index)) {
long nodeIndex = manager.indexToNode(index);
routeLoad += data.demands[(int) nodeIndex];
route += nodeIndex + " Load(" + routeLoad + ") -> ";
long previousIndex = index;
index = solution.value(routing.nextVar(index));
routeDistance += routing.getArcCostForVehicle(previousIndex, index, i);
}
route += manager.indexToNode(routing.end(i));
logger.info(route);
logger.info("Distance of the route: " + routeDistance + "m");
totalDistance += routeDistance;
totalLoad += routeLoad;
}
logger.info("Total Distance of all routes: " + totalDistance + "m");
logger.info("Total Load of all routes: " + totalLoad);
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
Loader.loadNativeLibraries();
// Instantiate the data problem.
final DataModel data = new DataModel();
// Create Routing Index Manager
RoutingIndexManager manager =
new RoutingIndexManager(data.distanceMatrix.length, data.vehicleNumber, data.depot);
// Create Routing Model.
RoutingModel routing = new RoutingModel(manager);
// Create and register a transit callback.
final int transitCallbackIndex =
routing.registerTransitCallback((long fromIndex, long toIndex) -> {
// Convert from routing variable Index to user NodeIndex.
int fromNode = manager.indexToNode(fromIndex);
int toNode = manager.indexToNode(toIndex);
return data.distanceMatrix[fromNode][toNode];
});
// Define cost of each arc.
routing.setArcCostEvaluatorOfAllVehicles(transitCallbackIndex);
// Add Capacity constraint.
final int demandCallbackIndex = routing.registerUnaryTransitCallback((long fromIndex) -> {
// Convert from routing variable Index to user NodeIndex.
int fromNode = manager.indexToNode(fromIndex);
return data.demands[fromNode];
});
routing.addDimensionWithVehicleCapacity(demandCallbackIndex, 0, // null capacity slack
data.vehicleCapacities, // vehicle maximum capacities
true, // start cumul to zero
"Capacity");
// Allow to drop nodes.
long penalty = 1000;
for (int i = 1; i < data.distanceMatrix.length; ++i) {
routing.addDisjunction(new long[] {manager.nodeToIndex(i)}, penalty);
}
// Setting first solution heuristic.
RoutingSearchParameters searchParameters =
main.defaultRoutingSearchParameters()
.toBuilder()
.setFirstSolutionStrategy(FirstSolutionStrategy.Value.PATH_CHEAPEST_ARC)
.setLocalSearchMetaheuristic(LocalSearchMetaheuristic.Value.GUIDED_LOCAL_SEARCH)
.setTimeLimit(Duration.newBuilder().setSeconds(1).build())
.build();
// Solve the problem.
Assignment solution = routing.solveWithParameters(searchParameters);
// Print solution on console.
printSolution(data, routing, manager, solution);
}
}
C#
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using Google.OrTools.ConstraintSolver;
using Google.Protobuf.WellKnownTypes; // Duration
/// <summary>
/// Minimal Vrp with drop nodes.
/// </summary>
public class VrpDropNodes
{
class DataModel
{
public long[,] DistanceMatrix = {
{ 0, 548, 776, 696, 582, 274, 502, 194, 308, 194, 536, 502, 388, 354, 468, 776, 662 },
{ 548, 0, 684, 308, 194, 502, 730, 354, 696, 742, 1084, 594, 480, 674, 1016, 868, 1210 },
{ 776, 684, 0, 992, 878, 502, 274, 810, 468, 742, 400, 1278, 1164, 1130, 788, 1552, 754 },
{ 696, 308, 992, 0, 114, 650, 878, 502, 844, 890, 1232, 514, 628, 822, 1164, 560, 1358 },
{ 582, 194, 878, 114, 0, 536, 764, 388, 730, 776, 1118, 400, 514, 708, 1050, 674, 1244 },
{ 274, 502, 502, 650, 536, 0, 228, 308, 194, 240, 582, 776, 662, 628, 514, 1050, 708 },
{ 502, 730, 274, 878, 764, 228, 0, 536, 194, 468, 354, 1004, 890, 856, 514, 1278, 480 },
{ 194, 354, 810, 502, 388, 308, 536, 0, 342, 388, 730, 468, 354, 320, 662, 742, 856 },
{ 308, 696, 468, 844, 730, 194, 194, 342, 0, 274, 388, 810, 696, 662, 320, 1084, 514 },
{ 194, 742, 742, 890, 776, 240, 468, 388, 274, 0, 342, 536, 422, 388, 274, 810, 468 },
{ 536, 1084, 400, 1232, 1118, 582, 354, 730, 388, 342, 0, 878, 764, 730, 388, 1152, 354 },
{ 502, 594, 1278, 514, 400, 776, 1004, 468, 810, 536, 878, 0, 114, 308, 650, 274, 844 },
{ 388, 480, 1164, 628, 514, 662, 890, 354, 696, 422, 764, 114, 0, 194, 536, 388, 730 },
{ 354, 674, 1130, 822, 708, 628, 856, 320, 662, 388, 730, 308, 194, 0, 342, 422, 536 },
{ 468, 1016, 788, 1164, 1050, 514, 514, 662, 320, 274, 388, 650, 536, 342, 0, 764, 194 },
{ 776, 868, 1552, 560, 674, 1050, 1278, 742, 1084, 810, 1152, 274, 388, 422, 764, 0, 798 },
{ 662, 1210, 754, 1358, 1244, 708, 480, 856, 514, 468, 354, 844, 730, 536, 194, 798, 0 }
};
public long[] Demands = { 0, 1, 1, 3, 6, 3, 6, 8, 8, 1, 2, 1, 2, 6, 6, 8, 8 };
public long[] VehicleCapacities = { 15, 15, 15, 15 };
public int VehicleNumber = 4;
public int Depot = 0;
};
/// <summary>
/// Print the solution.
/// </summary>
static void PrintSolution(in DataModel data, in RoutingModel routing, in RoutingIndexManager manager,
in Assignment solution)
{
Console.WriteLine($"Objective {solution.ObjectiveValue()}:");
// Inspect solution.
// Display dropped nodes.
string droppedNodes = "Dropped nodes:";
for (int index = 0; index < routing.Size(); ++index)
{
if (routing.IsStart(index) || routing.IsEnd(index))
{
continue;
}
if (solution.Value(routing.NextVar(index)) == index)
{
droppedNodes += " " + manager.IndexToNode(index);
}
}
Console.WriteLine("{0}", droppedNodes);
// Inspect solution.
long totalDistance = 0;
long totalLoad = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < data.VehicleNumber; ++i)
{
Console.WriteLine("Route for Vehicle {0}:", i);
long routeDistance = 0;
long routeLoad = 0;
var index = routing.Start(i);
while (routing.IsEnd(index) == false)
{
long nodeIndex = manager.IndexToNode(index);
routeLoad += data.Demands[nodeIndex];
Console.Write("{0} Load({1}) -> ", nodeIndex, routeLoad);
var previousIndex = index;
index = solution.Value(routing.NextVar(index));
routeDistance += routing.GetArcCostForVehicle(previousIndex, index, 0);
}
Console.WriteLine("{0}", manager.IndexToNode((int)index));
Console.WriteLine("Distance of the route: {0}m", routeDistance);
totalDistance += routeDistance;
totalLoad += routeLoad;
}
Console.WriteLine("Total Distance of all routes: {0}m", totalDistance);
Console.WriteLine("Total Load of all routes: {0}m", totalLoad);
}
public static void Main(String[] args)
{
// Instantiate the data problem.
DataModel data = new DataModel();
// Create Routing Index Manager
RoutingIndexManager manager =
new RoutingIndexManager(data.DistanceMatrix.GetLength(0), data.VehicleNumber, data.Depot);
// Create Routing Model.
RoutingModel routing = new RoutingModel(manager);
// Create and register a transit callback.
int transitCallbackIndex = routing.RegisterTransitCallback((long fromIndex, long toIndex) =>
{
// Convert from routing variable Index to
// distance matrix NodeIndex.
var fromNode = manager.IndexToNode(fromIndex);
var toNode = manager.IndexToNode(toIndex);
return data.DistanceMatrix[fromNode, toNode];
});
// Define cost of each arc.
routing.SetArcCostEvaluatorOfAllVehicles(transitCallbackIndex);
// Add Capacity constraint.
int demandCallbackIndex = routing.RegisterUnaryTransitCallback((long fromIndex) =>
{
// Convert from routing variable Index to
// demand NodeIndex.
var fromNode =
manager.IndexToNode(fromIndex);
return data.Demands[fromNode];
});
routing.AddDimensionWithVehicleCapacity(demandCallbackIndex, 0, // null capacity slack
data.VehicleCapacities, // vehicle maximum capacities
true, // start cumul to zero
"Capacity");
// Allow to drop nodes.
long penalty = 1000;
for (int i = 1; i < data.DistanceMatrix.GetLength(0); ++i)
{
routing.AddDisjunction(new long[] { manager.NodeToIndex(i) }, penalty);
}
// Setting first solution heuristic.
RoutingSearchParameters searchParameters =
operations_research_constraint_solver.DefaultRoutingSearchParameters();
searchParameters.FirstSolutionStrategy = FirstSolutionStrategy.Types.Value.PathCheapestArc;
searchParameters.LocalSearchMetaheuristic = LocalSearchMetaheuristic.Types.Value.GuidedLocalSearch;
searchParameters.TimeLimit = new Duration { Seconds = 1 };
// Solve the problem.
Assignment solution = routing.SolveWithParameters(searchParameters);
// Print solution on console.
PrintSolution(data, routing, manager, solution);
}
}