No Problema de trajeto de veículos (VRP, na sigla em inglês), o objetivo é encontrar os trajetos ideais para vários veículos que visitam um conjunto de locais. Quando há apenas um veículo, isso se reduz ao Problema do vendedor viajante.
Mas o que queremos dizer com "rotas ideais" para um VRP? Uma resposta são os trajetos com a menor distância total. No entanto, se não houver outras restrições, a solução ideal é atribuir apenas um veículo para visitar todos os locais e encontrar o trajeto mais curto para ele. Esse é basicamente o mesmo problema que o TSP.
Uma maneira melhor de definir os trajetos ideais é minimizar o comprimento do único trajeto mais longo entre todos os veículos. Essa é a definição correta se o objetivo é concluir todas as entregas o mais rápido possível. O exemplo de VRP abaixo encontra rotas ideais definidas dessa maneira.
Nas próximas seções, descreveremos outras maneiras de generalizar o TSP adicionando restrições nos veículos, incluindo:
- Restrições de capacidade: os veículos precisam pegar itens em cada local que visitam, mas têm uma capacidade máxima de transporte.
- Janelas de tempo: cada local precisa ser visitado em um período específico.
Exemplo do VRP
Nesta seção, apresentamos um exemplo de VRP em que o objetivo é minimizar a rota única mais longa.
Imagine uma empresa que precise visitar seus clientes em uma cidade formada por blocos retangulares idênticos. Veja um diagrama da cidade abaixo, com o local da empresa marcado em preto e os locais a visitar em azul.
Resolver o exemplo de VRP com as ferramentas OR
As seções a seguir explicam como resolver o exemplo de VRP com as ferramentas OR.
Criar os dados
A função a seguir cria os dados para o problema.
Python
def create_data_model():
"""Stores the data for the problem."""
data = {}
data["distance_matrix"] = [
# fmt: off
[0, 548, 776, 696, 582, 274, 502, 194, 308, 194, 536, 502, 388, 354, 468, 776, 662],
[548, 0, 684, 308, 194, 502, 730, 354, 696, 742, 1084, 594, 480, 674, 1016, 868, 1210],
[776, 684, 0, 992, 878, 502, 274, 810, 468, 742, 400, 1278, 1164, 1130, 788, 1552, 754],
[696, 308, 992, 0, 114, 650, 878, 502, 844, 890, 1232, 514, 628, 822, 1164, 560, 1358],
[582, 194, 878, 114, 0, 536, 764, 388, 730, 776, 1118, 400, 514, 708, 1050, 674, 1244],
[274, 502, 502, 650, 536, 0, 228, 308, 194, 240, 582, 776, 662, 628, 514, 1050, 708],
[502, 730, 274, 878, 764, 228, 0, 536, 194, 468, 354, 1004, 890, 856, 514, 1278, 480],
[194, 354, 810, 502, 388, 308, 536, 0, 342, 388, 730, 468, 354, 320, 662, 742, 856],
[308, 696, 468, 844, 730, 194, 194, 342, 0, 274, 388, 810, 696, 662, 320, 1084, 514],
[194, 742, 742, 890, 776, 240, 468, 388, 274, 0, 342, 536, 422, 388, 274, 810, 468],
[536, 1084, 400, 1232, 1118, 582, 354, 730, 388, 342, 0, 878, 764, 730, 388, 1152, 354],
[502, 594, 1278, 514, 400, 776, 1004, 468, 810, 536, 878, 0, 114, 308, 650, 274, 844],
[388, 480, 1164, 628, 514, 662, 890, 354, 696, 422, 764, 114, 0, 194, 536, 388, 730],
[354, 674, 1130, 822, 708, 628, 856, 320, 662, 388, 730, 308, 194, 0, 342, 422, 536],
[468, 1016, 788, 1164, 1050, 514, 514, 662, 320, 274, 388, 650, 536, 342, 0, 764, 194],
[776, 868, 1552, 560, 674, 1050, 1278, 742, 1084, 810, 1152, 274, 388, 422, 764, 0, 798],
[662, 1210, 754, 1358, 1244, 708, 480, 856, 514, 468, 354, 844, 730, 536, 194, 798, 0],
# fmt: on
]
data["num_vehicles"] = 4
data["depot"] = 0
return data
C++
struct DataModel {
const std::vector<std::vector<int64_t>> distance_matrix{
{0, 548, 776, 696, 582, 274, 502, 194, 308, 194, 536, 502, 388, 354, 468,
776, 662},
{548, 0, 684, 308, 194, 502, 730, 354, 696, 742, 1084, 594, 480, 674,
1016, 868, 1210},
{776, 684, 0, 992, 878, 502, 274, 810, 468, 742, 400, 1278, 1164, 1130,
788, 1552, 754},
{696, 308, 992, 0, 114, 650, 878, 502, 844, 890, 1232, 514, 628, 822,
1164, 560, 1358},
{582, 194, 878, 114, 0, 536, 764, 388, 730, 776, 1118, 400, 514, 708,
1050, 674, 1244},
{274, 502, 502, 650, 536, 0, 228, 308, 194, 240, 582, 776, 662, 628, 514,
1050, 708},
{502, 730, 274, 878, 764, 228, 0, 536, 194, 468, 354, 1004, 890, 856, 514,
1278, 480},
{194, 354, 810, 502, 388, 308, 536, 0, 342, 388, 730, 468, 354, 320, 662,
742, 856},
{308, 696, 468, 844, 730, 194, 194, 342, 0, 274, 388, 810, 696, 662, 320,
1084, 514},
{194, 742, 742, 890, 776, 240, 468, 388, 274, 0, 342, 536, 422, 388, 274,
810, 468},
{536, 1084, 400, 1232, 1118, 582, 354, 730, 388, 342, 0, 878, 764, 730,
388, 1152, 354},
{502, 594, 1278, 514, 400, 776, 1004, 468, 810, 536, 878, 0, 114, 308,
650, 274, 844},
{388, 480, 1164, 628, 514, 662, 890, 354, 696, 422, 764, 114, 0, 194, 536,
388, 730},
{354, 674, 1130, 822, 708, 628, 856, 320, 662, 388, 730, 308, 194, 0, 342,
422, 536},
{468, 1016, 788, 1164, 1050, 514, 514, 662, 320, 274, 388, 650, 536, 342,
0, 764, 194},
{776, 868, 1552, 560, 674, 1050, 1278, 742, 1084, 810, 1152, 274, 388,
422, 764, 0, 798},
{662, 1210, 754, 1358, 1244, 708, 480, 856, 514, 468, 354, 844, 730, 536,
194, 798, 0},
};
const int num_vehicles = 4;
const RoutingIndexManager::NodeIndex depot{0};
};
Java
static class DataModel {
public final long[][] distanceMatrix = {
{0, 548, 776, 696, 582, 274, 502, 194, 308, 194, 536, 502, 388, 354, 468, 776, 662},
{548, 0, 684, 308, 194, 502, 730, 354, 696, 742, 1084, 594, 480, 674, 1016, 868, 1210},
{776, 684, 0, 992, 878, 502, 274, 810, 468, 742, 400, 1278, 1164, 1130, 788, 1552, 754},
{696, 308, 992, 0, 114, 650, 878, 502, 844, 890, 1232, 514, 628, 822, 1164, 560, 1358},
{582, 194, 878, 114, 0, 536, 764, 388, 730, 776, 1118, 400, 514, 708, 1050, 674, 1244},
{274, 502, 502, 650, 536, 0, 228, 308, 194, 240, 582, 776, 662, 628, 514, 1050, 708},
{502, 730, 274, 878, 764, 228, 0, 536, 194, 468, 354, 1004, 890, 856, 514, 1278, 480},
{194, 354, 810, 502, 388, 308, 536, 0, 342, 388, 730, 468, 354, 320, 662, 742, 856},
{308, 696, 468, 844, 730, 194, 194, 342, 0, 274, 388, 810, 696, 662, 320, 1084, 514},
{194, 742, 742, 890, 776, 240, 468, 388, 274, 0, 342, 536, 422, 388, 274, 810, 468},
{536, 1084, 400, 1232, 1118, 582, 354, 730, 388, 342, 0, 878, 764, 730, 388, 1152, 354},
{502, 594, 1278, 514, 400, 776, 1004, 468, 810, 536, 878, 0, 114, 308, 650, 274, 844},
{388, 480, 1164, 628, 514, 662, 890, 354, 696, 422, 764, 114, 0, 194, 536, 388, 730},
{354, 674, 1130, 822, 708, 628, 856, 320, 662, 388, 730, 308, 194, 0, 342, 422, 536},
{468, 1016, 788, 1164, 1050, 514, 514, 662, 320, 274, 388, 650, 536, 342, 0, 764, 194},
{776, 868, 1552, 560, 674, 1050, 1278, 742, 1084, 810, 1152, 274, 388, 422, 764, 0, 798},
{662, 1210, 754, 1358, 1244, 708, 480, 856, 514, 468, 354, 844, 730, 536, 194, 798, 0},
};
public final int vehicleNumber = 4;
public final int depot = 0;
}
C#
class DataModel
{
public long[,] DistanceMatrix = {
{ 0, 548, 776, 696, 582, 274, 502, 194, 308, 194, 536, 502, 388, 354, 468, 776, 662 },
{ 548, 0, 684, 308, 194, 502, 730, 354, 696, 742, 1084, 594, 480, 674, 1016, 868, 1210 },
{ 776, 684, 0, 992, 878, 502, 274, 810, 468, 742, 400, 1278, 1164, 1130, 788, 1552, 754 },
{ 696, 308, 992, 0, 114, 650, 878, 502, 844, 890, 1232, 514, 628, 822, 1164, 560, 1358 },
{ 582, 194, 878, 114, 0, 536, 764, 388, 730, 776, 1118, 400, 514, 708, 1050, 674, 1244 },
{ 274, 502, 502, 650, 536, 0, 228, 308, 194, 240, 582, 776, 662, 628, 514, 1050, 708 },
{ 502, 730, 274, 878, 764, 228, 0, 536, 194, 468, 354, 1004, 890, 856, 514, 1278, 480 },
{ 194, 354, 810, 502, 388, 308, 536, 0, 342, 388, 730, 468, 354, 320, 662, 742, 856 },
{ 308, 696, 468, 844, 730, 194, 194, 342, 0, 274, 388, 810, 696, 662, 320, 1084, 514 },
{ 194, 742, 742, 890, 776, 240, 468, 388, 274, 0, 342, 536, 422, 388, 274, 810, 468 },
{ 536, 1084, 400, 1232, 1118, 582, 354, 730, 388, 342, 0, 878, 764, 730, 388, 1152, 354 },
{ 502, 594, 1278, 514, 400, 776, 1004, 468, 810, 536, 878, 0, 114, 308, 650, 274, 844 },
{ 388, 480, 1164, 628, 514, 662, 890, 354, 696, 422, 764, 114, 0, 194, 536, 388, 730 },
{ 354, 674, 1130, 822, 708, 628, 856, 320, 662, 388, 730, 308, 194, 0, 342, 422, 536 },
{ 468, 1016, 788, 1164, 1050, 514, 514, 662, 320, 274, 388, 650, 536, 342, 0, 764, 194 },
{ 776, 868, 1552, 560, 674, 1050, 1278, 742, 1084, 810, 1152, 274, 388, 422, 764, 0, 798 },
{ 662, 1210, 754, 1358, 1244, 708, 480, 856, 514, 468, 354, 844, 730, 536, 194, 798, 0 }
};
public int VehicleNumber = 4;
public int Depot = 0;
};
Os dados consistem em:
distance_matrix: uma matriz de distâncias entre locais em metros.num_vehicles: o número de veículos na frota.depot: o índice do depósito, o local onde todos os veículos começam e terminam os trajetos.
Coordenadas do local
Para configurar o exemplo e calcular a matriz de distância, atribuímos as seguintes coordenadas x-y aos locais mostrados no diagrama da cidade:
[(456, 320), # location 0 - the depot (228, 0), # location 1 (912, 0), # location 2 (0, 80), # location 3 (114, 80), # location 4 (570, 160), # location 5 (798, 160), # location 6 (342, 240), # location 7 (684, 240), # location 8 (570, 400), # location 9 (912, 400), # location 10 (114, 480), # location 11 (228, 480), # location 12 (342, 560), # location 13 (684, 560), # location 14 (0, 640), # location 15 (798, 640)] # location 16
As coordenadas de local não estão incluídas nos dados do problema. Tudo o que você precisa para resolver o problema é a matriz de distância, que pré-calculamos. Você só precisa dos dados de local para identificar os locais na solução, que são indicados pelos índices (0, 1, 2 ...) na lista acima.
O objetivo principal de mostrar as coordenadas de local e o diagrama de cidade neste e em outros exemplos é mostrar visualmente o problema e a solução dele. No entanto, isso não é essencial para resolver um VRP.
Para facilitar a definição do problema, as distâncias entre os locais são calculadas usando a distância de Manhattan, em que a distância entre dois pontos (x1, y1) e (x2, y2) é definida como |x1 - x2| +1|y. Você pode usar o método mais adequado ao seu problema para calcular distâncias. Também é possível gerar uma matriz de distância para qualquer conjunto de locais no mundo usando a API Google Distance Matrix. Consulte um exemplo de como fazer isso em API Distance Matrix.
Definir o callback de distância
Como no exemplo do TSP, a função a seguir cria o callback de distância, que retorna as distâncias entre os locais e o transmite para o solucionador. Ele também define os custos do arco, que definem o custo da viagem, como as distâncias dos arcos.
Python
def distance_callback(from_index, to_index):
"""Returns the distance between the two nodes."""
# Convert from routing variable Index to distance matrix NodeIndex.
from_node = manager.IndexToNode(from_index)
to_node = manager.IndexToNode(to_index)
return data["distance_matrix"][from_node][to_node]
transit_callback_index = routing.RegisterTransitCallback(distance_callback)
routing.SetArcCostEvaluatorOfAllVehicles(transit_callback_index)
C++
const int transit_callback_index = routing.RegisterTransitCallback(
[&data, &manager](const int64_t from_index,
const int64_t to_index) -> int64_t {
// Convert from routing variable Index to distance matrix NodeIndex.
const int from_node = manager.IndexToNode(from_index).value();
const int to_node = manager.IndexToNode(to_index).value();
return data.distance_matrix[from_node][to_node];
});
routing.SetArcCostEvaluatorOfAllVehicles(transit_callback_index);
Java
final int transitCallbackIndex =
routing.registerTransitCallback((long fromIndex, long toIndex) -> {
// Convert from routing variable Index to user NodeIndex.
int fromNode = manager.indexToNode(fromIndex);
int toNode = manager.indexToNode(toIndex);
return data.distanceMatrix[fromNode][toNode];
});
routing.setArcCostEvaluatorOfAllVehicles(transitCallbackIndex);
C#
int transitCallbackIndex = routing.RegisterTransitCallback((long fromIndex, long toIndex) =>
{
// Convert from routing variable Index to
// distance matrix NodeIndex.
var fromNode = manager.IndexToNode(fromIndex);
var toNode = manager.IndexToNode(toIndex);
return data.DistanceMatrix[fromNode, toNode];
});
routing.SetArcCostEvaluatorOfAllVehicles(transitCallbackIndex);
Adicionar uma dimensão de distância
Para resolver esse VRP, você precisa criar uma dimensão de distância, que calcula a distância cumulativa percorrida por cada veículo ao longo do trajeto. Depois, defina um custo proporcional ao máximo das distâncias totais em cada trajeto. Os programas de trajetos usam dimensões para acompanhar as quantidades que se acumulam ao longo do trajeto de um veículo. Consulte Dimensões para mais detalhes.
O código abaixo cria a dimensão de distância usando o método
AddDimension
do solucionador. O argumento transit_callback_index é o índice para o
distance_callback.
Python
dimension_name = "Distance"
routing.AddDimension(
transit_callback_index,
0, # no slack
3000, # vehicle maximum travel distance
True, # start cumul to zero
dimension_name,
)
distance_dimension = routing.GetDimensionOrDie(dimension_name)
distance_dimension.SetGlobalSpanCostCoefficient(100)
C++
routing.AddDimension(transit_callback_index, 0, 3000,
true, // start cumul to zero
"Distance");
routing.GetMutableDimension("Distance")->SetGlobalSpanCostCoefficient(100);
Java
routing.addDimension(transitCallbackIndex, 0, 3000,
true, // start cumul to zero
"Distance");
RoutingDimension distanceDimension = routing.getMutableDimension("Distance");
distanceDimension.setGlobalSpanCostCoefficient(100);
C#
routing.AddDimension(transitCallbackIndex, 0, 3000,
true, // start cumul to zero
"Distance");
RoutingDimension distanceDimension = routing.GetMutableDimension("Distance");
distanceDimension.SetGlobalSpanCostCoefficient(100);
O método SetGlobalSpanCostCoefficient define um coeficiente grande (100) para o intervalo global dos trajetos, que, neste exemplo, é o máximo das distâncias dos trajetos. Isso faz com que o período global seja o fator predominante na função objetiva, e o programa minimiza o comprimento do trajeto mais longo.
Adicionar a impressora da solução
A função que mostra a solução é mostrada abaixo.
Python
def print_solution(data, manager, routing, solution):
"""Prints solution on console."""
print(f"Objective: {solution.ObjectiveValue()}")
max_route_distance = 0
for vehicle_id in range(data["num_vehicles"]):
index = routing.Start(vehicle_id)
plan_output = f"Route for vehicle {vehicle_id}:\n"
route_distance = 0
while not routing.IsEnd(index):
plan_output += f" {manager.IndexToNode(index)} -> "
previous_index = index
index = solution.Value(routing.NextVar(index))
route_distance += routing.GetArcCostForVehicle(
previous_index, index, vehicle_id
)
plan_output += f"{manager.IndexToNode(index)}\n"
plan_output += f"Distance of the route: {route_distance}m\n"
print(plan_output)
max_route_distance = max(route_distance, max_route_distance)
print(f"Maximum of the route distances: {max_route_distance}m")
C++
void PrintSolution(const DataModel& data, const RoutingIndexManager& manager,
const RoutingModel& routing, const Assignment& solution) {
int64_t max_route_distance{0};
for (int vehicle_id = 0; vehicle_id < data.num_vehicles; ++vehicle_id) {
int64_t index = routing.Start(vehicle_id);
LOG(INFO) << "Route for Vehicle " << vehicle_id << ":";
int64_t route_distance{0};
std::stringstream route;
while (!routing.IsEnd(index)) {
route << manager.IndexToNode(index).value() << " -> ";
const int64_t previous_index = index;
index = solution.Value(routing.NextVar(index));
route_distance += routing.GetArcCostForVehicle(previous_index, index,
int64_t{vehicle_id});
}
LOG(INFO) << route.str() << manager.IndexToNode(index).value();
LOG(INFO) << "Distance of the route: " << route_distance << "m";
max_route_distance = std::max(route_distance, max_route_distance);
}
LOG(INFO) << "Maximum of the route distances: " << max_route_distance << "m";
LOG(INFO) << "";
LOG(INFO) << "Problem solved in " << routing.solver()->wall_time() << "ms";
}
Java
/// @brief Print the solution.
static void printSolution(
DataModel data, RoutingModel routing, RoutingIndexManager manager, Assignment solution) {
// Solution cost.
logger.info("Objective : " + solution.objectiveValue());
// Inspect solution.
long maxRouteDistance = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < data.vehicleNumber; ++i) {
long index = routing.start(i);
logger.info("Route for Vehicle " + i + ":");
long routeDistance = 0;
String route = "";
while (!routing.isEnd(index)) {
route += manager.indexToNode(index) + " -> ";
long previousIndex = index;
index = solution.value(routing.nextVar(index));
routeDistance += routing.getArcCostForVehicle(previousIndex, index, i);
}
logger.info(route + manager.indexToNode(index));
logger.info("Distance of the route: " + routeDistance + "m");
maxRouteDistance = Math.max(routeDistance, maxRouteDistance);
}
logger.info("Maximum of the route distances: " + maxRouteDistance + "m");
}
C#
/// <summary>
/// Print the solution.
/// </summary>
static void PrintSolution(in DataModel data, in RoutingModel routing, in RoutingIndexManager manager,
in Assignment solution)
{
Console.WriteLine($"Objective {solution.ObjectiveValue()}:");
// Inspect solution.
long maxRouteDistance = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < data.VehicleNumber; ++i)
{
Console.WriteLine("Route for Vehicle {0}:", i);
long routeDistance = 0;
var index = routing.Start(i);
while (routing.IsEnd(index) == false)
{
Console.Write("{0} -> ", manager.IndexToNode((int)index));
var previousIndex = index;
index = solution.Value(routing.NextVar(index));
routeDistance += routing.GetArcCostForVehicle(previousIndex, index, 0);
}
Console.WriteLine("{0}", manager.IndexToNode((int)index));
Console.WriteLine("Distance of the route: {0}m", routeDistance);
maxRouteDistance = Math.Max(routeDistance, maxRouteDistance);
}
Console.WriteLine("Maximum distance of the routes: {0}m", maxRouteDistance);
}
A função exibe os trajetos dos veículos e as distâncias totais dos trajetos.
Como alternativa, primeiro salve as rotas em uma lista ou matriz e, em seguida, imprima-as.
Função principal
A maior parte do código na função principal do programa VRP é igual ao do exemplo de TSP anterior. Consulte a seção do TSP para ver uma descrição desse código. A novidade é a dimensão de distância descrita acima.
Como executar os programas
Os programas completos são mostrados na próxima seção. Quando os programas são executados, eles exibem a seguinte saída:
Objective: 177500 Route for vehicle 0: 0 -> 9 -> 10 -> 2 -> 6 -> 5 -> 0 Distance of the route: 1712m Route for vehicle 1: 0 -> 16 -> 14 -> 8 -> 0 Distance of the route: 1484m Route for vehicle 2: 0 -> 7 -> 1 -> 4 -> 3 -> 0 Distance of the route: 1552m Route for vehicle 3: 0 -> 13 -> 15 -> 11 -> 12 -> 0 Distance of the route: 1552m Maximum of the route distances: 1712m
Os locais nos trajetos são indicados pelos índices na lista de locais. Todas as rotas começam e terminam no depósito
(0).
O diagrama abaixo mostra os trajetos atribuídos, em que os índices de local foram convertidos nas coordenadas x-y correspondentes.
Programas completos
Os programas completos que minimizam o trajeto individual mais longo são mostrados abaixo.
Python
"""Simple Vehicles Routing Problem (VRP).
This is a sample using the routing library python wrapper to solve a VRP
problem.
A description of the problem can be found here:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_routing_problem.
Distances are in meters.
"""
from ortools.constraint_solver import routing_enums_pb2
from ortools.constraint_solver import pywrapcp
def create_data_model():
"""Stores the data for the problem."""
data = {}
data["distance_matrix"] = [
# fmt: off
[0, 548, 776, 696, 582, 274, 502, 194, 308, 194, 536, 502, 388, 354, 468, 776, 662],
[548, 0, 684, 308, 194, 502, 730, 354, 696, 742, 1084, 594, 480, 674, 1016, 868, 1210],
[776, 684, 0, 992, 878, 502, 274, 810, 468, 742, 400, 1278, 1164, 1130, 788, 1552, 754],
[696, 308, 992, 0, 114, 650, 878, 502, 844, 890, 1232, 514, 628, 822, 1164, 560, 1358],
[582, 194, 878, 114, 0, 536, 764, 388, 730, 776, 1118, 400, 514, 708, 1050, 674, 1244],
[274, 502, 502, 650, 536, 0, 228, 308, 194, 240, 582, 776, 662, 628, 514, 1050, 708],
[502, 730, 274, 878, 764, 228, 0, 536, 194, 468, 354, 1004, 890, 856, 514, 1278, 480],
[194, 354, 810, 502, 388, 308, 536, 0, 342, 388, 730, 468, 354, 320, 662, 742, 856],
[308, 696, 468, 844, 730, 194, 194, 342, 0, 274, 388, 810, 696, 662, 320, 1084, 514],
[194, 742, 742, 890, 776, 240, 468, 388, 274, 0, 342, 536, 422, 388, 274, 810, 468],
[536, 1084, 400, 1232, 1118, 582, 354, 730, 388, 342, 0, 878, 764, 730, 388, 1152, 354],
[502, 594, 1278, 514, 400, 776, 1004, 468, 810, 536, 878, 0, 114, 308, 650, 274, 844],
[388, 480, 1164, 628, 514, 662, 890, 354, 696, 422, 764, 114, 0, 194, 536, 388, 730],
[354, 674, 1130, 822, 708, 628, 856, 320, 662, 388, 730, 308, 194, 0, 342, 422, 536],
[468, 1016, 788, 1164, 1050, 514, 514, 662, 320, 274, 388, 650, 536, 342, 0, 764, 194],
[776, 868, 1552, 560, 674, 1050, 1278, 742, 1084, 810, 1152, 274, 388, 422, 764, 0, 798],
[662, 1210, 754, 1358, 1244, 708, 480, 856, 514, 468, 354, 844, 730, 536, 194, 798, 0],
# fmt: on
]
data["num_vehicles"] = 4
data["depot"] = 0
return data
def print_solution(data, manager, routing, solution):
"""Prints solution on console."""
print(f"Objective: {solution.ObjectiveValue()}")
max_route_distance = 0
for vehicle_id in range(data["num_vehicles"]):
index = routing.Start(vehicle_id)
plan_output = f"Route for vehicle {vehicle_id}:\n"
route_distance = 0
while not routing.IsEnd(index):
plan_output += f" {manager.IndexToNode(index)} -> "
previous_index = index
index = solution.Value(routing.NextVar(index))
route_distance += routing.GetArcCostForVehicle(
previous_index, index, vehicle_id
)
plan_output += f"{manager.IndexToNode(index)}\n"
plan_output += f"Distance of the route: {route_distance}m\n"
print(plan_output)
max_route_distance = max(route_distance, max_route_distance)
print(f"Maximum of the route distances: {max_route_distance}m")
def main():
"""Entry point of the program."""
# Instantiate the data problem.
data = create_data_model()
# Create the routing index manager.
manager = pywrapcp.RoutingIndexManager(
len(data["distance_matrix"]), data["num_vehicles"], data["depot"]
)
# Create Routing Model.
routing = pywrapcp.RoutingModel(manager)
# Create and register a transit callback.
def distance_callback(from_index, to_index):
"""Returns the distance between the two nodes."""
# Convert from routing variable Index to distance matrix NodeIndex.
from_node = manager.IndexToNode(from_index)
to_node = manager.IndexToNode(to_index)
return data["distance_matrix"][from_node][to_node]
transit_callback_index = routing.RegisterTransitCallback(distance_callback)
# Define cost of each arc.
routing.SetArcCostEvaluatorOfAllVehicles(transit_callback_index)
# Add Distance constraint.
dimension_name = "Distance"
routing.AddDimension(
transit_callback_index,
0, # no slack
3000, # vehicle maximum travel distance
True, # start cumul to zero
dimension_name,
)
distance_dimension = routing.GetDimensionOrDie(dimension_name)
distance_dimension.SetGlobalSpanCostCoefficient(100)
# Setting first solution heuristic.
search_parameters = pywrapcp.DefaultRoutingSearchParameters()
search_parameters.first_solution_strategy = (
routing_enums_pb2.FirstSolutionStrategy.PATH_CHEAPEST_ARC
)
# Solve the problem.
solution = routing.SolveWithParameters(search_parameters)
# Print solution on console.
if solution:
print_solution(data, manager, routing, solution)
else:
print("No solution found !")
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
C++
#include <algorithm>
#include <cstdint>
#include <sstream>
#include <vector>
#include "ortools/constraint_solver/routing.h"
#include "ortools/constraint_solver/routing_enums.pb.h"
#include "ortools/constraint_solver/routing_index_manager.h"
#include "ortools/constraint_solver/routing_parameters.h"
namespace operations_research {
struct DataModel {
const std::vector<std::vector<int64_t>> distance_matrix{
{0, 548, 776, 696, 582, 274, 502, 194, 308, 194, 536, 502, 388, 354, 468,
776, 662},
{548, 0, 684, 308, 194, 502, 730, 354, 696, 742, 1084, 594, 480, 674,
1016, 868, 1210},
{776, 684, 0, 992, 878, 502, 274, 810, 468, 742, 400, 1278, 1164, 1130,
788, 1552, 754},
{696, 308, 992, 0, 114, 650, 878, 502, 844, 890, 1232, 514, 628, 822,
1164, 560, 1358},
{582, 194, 878, 114, 0, 536, 764, 388, 730, 776, 1118, 400, 514, 708,
1050, 674, 1244},
{274, 502, 502, 650, 536, 0, 228, 308, 194, 240, 582, 776, 662, 628, 514,
1050, 708},
{502, 730, 274, 878, 764, 228, 0, 536, 194, 468, 354, 1004, 890, 856, 514,
1278, 480},
{194, 354, 810, 502, 388, 308, 536, 0, 342, 388, 730, 468, 354, 320, 662,
742, 856},
{308, 696, 468, 844, 730, 194, 194, 342, 0, 274, 388, 810, 696, 662, 320,
1084, 514},
{194, 742, 742, 890, 776, 240, 468, 388, 274, 0, 342, 536, 422, 388, 274,
810, 468},
{536, 1084, 400, 1232, 1118, 582, 354, 730, 388, 342, 0, 878, 764, 730,
388, 1152, 354},
{502, 594, 1278, 514, 400, 776, 1004, 468, 810, 536, 878, 0, 114, 308,
650, 274, 844},
{388, 480, 1164, 628, 514, 662, 890, 354, 696, 422, 764, 114, 0, 194, 536,
388, 730},
{354, 674, 1130, 822, 708, 628, 856, 320, 662, 388, 730, 308, 194, 0, 342,
422, 536},
{468, 1016, 788, 1164, 1050, 514, 514, 662, 320, 274, 388, 650, 536, 342,
0, 764, 194},
{776, 868, 1552, 560, 674, 1050, 1278, 742, 1084, 810, 1152, 274, 388,
422, 764, 0, 798},
{662, 1210, 754, 1358, 1244, 708, 480, 856, 514, 468, 354, 844, 730, 536,
194, 798, 0},
};
const int num_vehicles = 4;
const RoutingIndexManager::NodeIndex depot{0};
};
//! @brief Print the solution.
//! @param[in] data Data of the problem.
//! @param[in] manager Index manager used.
//! @param[in] routing Routing solver used.
//! @param[in] solution Solution found by the solver.
void PrintSolution(const DataModel& data, const RoutingIndexManager& manager,
const RoutingModel& routing, const Assignment& solution) {
int64_t max_route_distance{0};
for (int vehicle_id = 0; vehicle_id < data.num_vehicles; ++vehicle_id) {
int64_t index = routing.Start(vehicle_id);
LOG(INFO) << "Route for Vehicle " << vehicle_id << ":";
int64_t route_distance{0};
std::stringstream route;
while (!routing.IsEnd(index)) {
route << manager.IndexToNode(index).value() << " -> ";
const int64_t previous_index = index;
index = solution.Value(routing.NextVar(index));
route_distance += routing.GetArcCostForVehicle(previous_index, index,
int64_t{vehicle_id});
}
LOG(INFO) << route.str() << manager.IndexToNode(index).value();
LOG(INFO) << "Distance of the route: " << route_distance << "m";
max_route_distance = std::max(route_distance, max_route_distance);
}
LOG(INFO) << "Maximum of the route distances: " << max_route_distance << "m";
LOG(INFO) << "";
LOG(INFO) << "Problem solved in " << routing.solver()->wall_time() << "ms";
}
void VrpGlobalSpan() {
// Instantiate the data problem.
DataModel data;
// Create Routing Index Manager
RoutingIndexManager manager(data.distance_matrix.size(), data.num_vehicles,
data.depot);
// Create Routing Model.
RoutingModel routing(manager);
// Create and register a transit callback.
const int transit_callback_index = routing.RegisterTransitCallback(
[&data, &manager](const int64_t from_index,
const int64_t to_index) -> int64_t {
// Convert from routing variable Index to distance matrix NodeIndex.
const int from_node = manager.IndexToNode(from_index).value();
const int to_node = manager.IndexToNode(to_index).value();
return data.distance_matrix[from_node][to_node];
});
// Define cost of each arc.
routing.SetArcCostEvaluatorOfAllVehicles(transit_callback_index);
// Add Distance constraint.
routing.AddDimension(transit_callback_index, 0, 3000,
true, // start cumul to zero
"Distance");
routing.GetMutableDimension("Distance")->SetGlobalSpanCostCoefficient(100);
// Setting first solution heuristic.
RoutingSearchParameters searchParameters = DefaultRoutingSearchParameters();
searchParameters.set_first_solution_strategy(
FirstSolutionStrategy::PATH_CHEAPEST_ARC);
// Solve the problem.
const Assignment* solution = routing.SolveWithParameters(searchParameters);
// Print solution on console.
if (solution != nullptr) {
PrintSolution(data, manager, routing, *solution);
} else {
LOG(INFO) << "No solution found.";
}
}
} // namespace operations_research
int main(int /*argc*/, char* /*argv*/[]) {
operations_research::VrpGlobalSpan();
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
Java
package com.google.ortools.constraintsolver.samples;
import com.google.ortools.Loader;
import com.google.ortools.constraintsolver.Assignment;
import com.google.ortools.constraintsolver.FirstSolutionStrategy;
import com.google.ortools.constraintsolver.RoutingDimension;
import com.google.ortools.constraintsolver.RoutingIndexManager;
import com.google.ortools.constraintsolver.RoutingModel;
import com.google.ortools.constraintsolver.RoutingSearchParameters;
import com.google.ortools.constraintsolver.main;
import java.util.logging.Logger;
/** Minimal VRP.*/
public class VrpGlobalSpan {
private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(VrpGlobalSpan.class.getName());
static class DataModel {
public final long[][] distanceMatrix = {
{0, 548, 776, 696, 582, 274, 502, 194, 308, 194, 536, 502, 388, 354, 468, 776, 662},
{548, 0, 684, 308, 194, 502, 730, 354, 696, 742, 1084, 594, 480, 674, 1016, 868, 1210},
{776, 684, 0, 992, 878, 502, 274, 810, 468, 742, 400, 1278, 1164, 1130, 788, 1552, 754},
{696, 308, 992, 0, 114, 650, 878, 502, 844, 890, 1232, 514, 628, 822, 1164, 560, 1358},
{582, 194, 878, 114, 0, 536, 764, 388, 730, 776, 1118, 400, 514, 708, 1050, 674, 1244},
{274, 502, 502, 650, 536, 0, 228, 308, 194, 240, 582, 776, 662, 628, 514, 1050, 708},
{502, 730, 274, 878, 764, 228, 0, 536, 194, 468, 354, 1004, 890, 856, 514, 1278, 480},
{194, 354, 810, 502, 388, 308, 536, 0, 342, 388, 730, 468, 354, 320, 662, 742, 856},
{308, 696, 468, 844, 730, 194, 194, 342, 0, 274, 388, 810, 696, 662, 320, 1084, 514},
{194, 742, 742, 890, 776, 240, 468, 388, 274, 0, 342, 536, 422, 388, 274, 810, 468},
{536, 1084, 400, 1232, 1118, 582, 354, 730, 388, 342, 0, 878, 764, 730, 388, 1152, 354},
{502, 594, 1278, 514, 400, 776, 1004, 468, 810, 536, 878, 0, 114, 308, 650, 274, 844},
{388, 480, 1164, 628, 514, 662, 890, 354, 696, 422, 764, 114, 0, 194, 536, 388, 730},
{354, 674, 1130, 822, 708, 628, 856, 320, 662, 388, 730, 308, 194, 0, 342, 422, 536},
{468, 1016, 788, 1164, 1050, 514, 514, 662, 320, 274, 388, 650, 536, 342, 0, 764, 194},
{776, 868, 1552, 560, 674, 1050, 1278, 742, 1084, 810, 1152, 274, 388, 422, 764, 0, 798},
{662, 1210, 754, 1358, 1244, 708, 480, 856, 514, 468, 354, 844, 730, 536, 194, 798, 0},
};
public final int vehicleNumber = 4;
public final int depot = 0;
}
/// @brief Print the solution.
static void printSolution(
DataModel data, RoutingModel routing, RoutingIndexManager manager, Assignment solution) {
// Solution cost.
logger.info("Objective : " + solution.objectiveValue());
// Inspect solution.
long maxRouteDistance = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < data.vehicleNumber; ++i) {
long index = routing.start(i);
logger.info("Route for Vehicle " + i + ":");
long routeDistance = 0;
String route = "";
while (!routing.isEnd(index)) {
route += manager.indexToNode(index) + " -> ";
long previousIndex = index;
index = solution.value(routing.nextVar(index));
routeDistance += routing.getArcCostForVehicle(previousIndex, index, i);
}
logger.info(route + manager.indexToNode(index));
logger.info("Distance of the route: " + routeDistance + "m");
maxRouteDistance = Math.max(routeDistance, maxRouteDistance);
}
logger.info("Maximum of the route distances: " + maxRouteDistance + "m");
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
Loader.loadNativeLibraries();
// Instantiate the data problem.
final DataModel data = new DataModel();
// Create Routing Index Manager
RoutingIndexManager manager =
new RoutingIndexManager(data.distanceMatrix.length, data.vehicleNumber, data.depot);
// Create Routing Model.
RoutingModel routing = new RoutingModel(manager);
// Create and register a transit callback.
final int transitCallbackIndex =
routing.registerTransitCallback((long fromIndex, long toIndex) -> {
// Convert from routing variable Index to user NodeIndex.
int fromNode = manager.indexToNode(fromIndex);
int toNode = manager.indexToNode(toIndex);
return data.distanceMatrix[fromNode][toNode];
});
// Define cost of each arc.
routing.setArcCostEvaluatorOfAllVehicles(transitCallbackIndex);
// Add Distance constraint.
routing.addDimension(transitCallbackIndex, 0, 3000,
true, // start cumul to zero
"Distance");
RoutingDimension distanceDimension = routing.getMutableDimension("Distance");
distanceDimension.setGlobalSpanCostCoefficient(100);
// Setting first solution heuristic.
RoutingSearchParameters searchParameters =
main.defaultRoutingSearchParameters()
.toBuilder()
.setFirstSolutionStrategy(FirstSolutionStrategy.Value.PATH_CHEAPEST_ARC)
.build();
// Solve the problem.
Assignment solution = routing.solveWithParameters(searchParameters);
// Print solution on console.
printSolution(data, routing, manager, solution);
}
}
C#
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using Google.OrTools.ConstraintSolver;
/// <summary>
/// Minimal TSP using distance matrix.
/// </summary>
public class VrpGlobalSpan
{
class DataModel
{
public long[,] DistanceMatrix = {
{ 0, 548, 776, 696, 582, 274, 502, 194, 308, 194, 536, 502, 388, 354, 468, 776, 662 },
{ 548, 0, 684, 308, 194, 502, 730, 354, 696, 742, 1084, 594, 480, 674, 1016, 868, 1210 },
{ 776, 684, 0, 992, 878, 502, 274, 810, 468, 742, 400, 1278, 1164, 1130, 788, 1552, 754 },
{ 696, 308, 992, 0, 114, 650, 878, 502, 844, 890, 1232, 514, 628, 822, 1164, 560, 1358 },
{ 582, 194, 878, 114, 0, 536, 764, 388, 730, 776, 1118, 400, 514, 708, 1050, 674, 1244 },
{ 274, 502, 502, 650, 536, 0, 228, 308, 194, 240, 582, 776, 662, 628, 514, 1050, 708 },
{ 502, 730, 274, 878, 764, 228, 0, 536, 194, 468, 354, 1004, 890, 856, 514, 1278, 480 },
{ 194, 354, 810, 502, 388, 308, 536, 0, 342, 388, 730, 468, 354, 320, 662, 742, 856 },
{ 308, 696, 468, 844, 730, 194, 194, 342, 0, 274, 388, 810, 696, 662, 320, 1084, 514 },
{ 194, 742, 742, 890, 776, 240, 468, 388, 274, 0, 342, 536, 422, 388, 274, 810, 468 },
{ 536, 1084, 400, 1232, 1118, 582, 354, 730, 388, 342, 0, 878, 764, 730, 388, 1152, 354 },
{ 502, 594, 1278, 514, 400, 776, 1004, 468, 810, 536, 878, 0, 114, 308, 650, 274, 844 },
{ 388, 480, 1164, 628, 514, 662, 890, 354, 696, 422, 764, 114, 0, 194, 536, 388, 730 },
{ 354, 674, 1130, 822, 708, 628, 856, 320, 662, 388, 730, 308, 194, 0, 342, 422, 536 },
{ 468, 1016, 788, 1164, 1050, 514, 514, 662, 320, 274, 388, 650, 536, 342, 0, 764, 194 },
{ 776, 868, 1552, 560, 674, 1050, 1278, 742, 1084, 810, 1152, 274, 388, 422, 764, 0, 798 },
{ 662, 1210, 754, 1358, 1244, 708, 480, 856, 514, 468, 354, 844, 730, 536, 194, 798, 0 }
};
public int VehicleNumber = 4;
public int Depot = 0;
};
/// <summary>
/// Print the solution.
/// </summary>
static void PrintSolution(in DataModel data, in RoutingModel routing, in RoutingIndexManager manager,
in Assignment solution)
{
Console.WriteLine($"Objective {solution.ObjectiveValue()}:");
// Inspect solution.
long maxRouteDistance = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < data.VehicleNumber; ++i)
{
Console.WriteLine("Route for Vehicle {0}:", i);
long routeDistance = 0;
var index = routing.Start(i);
while (routing.IsEnd(index) == false)
{
Console.Write("{0} -> ", manager.IndexToNode((int)index));
var previousIndex = index;
index = solution.Value(routing.NextVar(index));
routeDistance += routing.GetArcCostForVehicle(previousIndex, index, 0);
}
Console.WriteLine("{0}", manager.IndexToNode((int)index));
Console.WriteLine("Distance of the route: {0}m", routeDistance);
maxRouteDistance = Math.Max(routeDistance, maxRouteDistance);
}
Console.WriteLine("Maximum distance of the routes: {0}m", maxRouteDistance);
}
public static void Main(String[] args)
{
// Instantiate the data problem.
DataModel data = new DataModel();
// Create Routing Index Manager
RoutingIndexManager manager =
new RoutingIndexManager(data.DistanceMatrix.GetLength(0), data.VehicleNumber, data.Depot);
// Create Routing Model.
RoutingModel routing = new RoutingModel(manager);
// Create and register a transit callback.
int transitCallbackIndex = routing.RegisterTransitCallback((long fromIndex, long toIndex) =>
{
// Convert from routing variable Index to
// distance matrix NodeIndex.
var fromNode = manager.IndexToNode(fromIndex);
var toNode = manager.IndexToNode(toIndex);
return data.DistanceMatrix[fromNode, toNode];
});
// Define cost of each arc.
routing.SetArcCostEvaluatorOfAllVehicles(transitCallbackIndex);
// Add Distance constraint.
routing.AddDimension(transitCallbackIndex, 0, 3000,
true, // start cumul to zero
"Distance");
RoutingDimension distanceDimension = routing.GetMutableDimension("Distance");
distanceDimension.SetGlobalSpanCostCoefficient(100);
// Setting first solution heuristic.
RoutingSearchParameters searchParameters =
operations_research_constraint_solver.DefaultRoutingSearchParameters();
searchParameters.FirstSolutionStrategy = FirstSolutionStrategy.Types.Value.PathCheapestArc;
// Solve the problem.
Assignment solution = routing.SolveWithParameters(searchParameters);
// Print solution on console.
PrintSolution(data, routing, manager, solution);
}
}
Como usar a API Google Distance Matrix
Nesta seção, mostramos como usar a API Google Distance Matrix para criar a matriz de distância para qualquer conjunto de locais definidos por endereços ou latitudes e longitudes. Ela pode ser usada para calcular a matriz de distância de vários tipos de problemas de trajetos.
Para usar a API, você precisa de uma chave de API. Veja como conseguir um.
Exemplo
Como exemplo, vamos analisar um programa em Python que cria a matriz de distância para um conjunto de 16 locais na cidade de Memphis, Tennessee.
A matriz de distância é de 16 x 16. A entrada i, j é a distância entre os locais i e j. Estes são os endereços dos locais.
data['addresses'] = ['3610+Hacks+Cross+Rd+Memphis+TN', # depot
'1921+Elvis+Presley+Blvd+Memphis+TN',
'149+Union+Avenue+Memphis+TN',
'1034+Audubon+Drive+Memphis+TN',
'1532+Madison+Ave+Memphis+TN',
'706+Union+Ave+Memphis+TN',
'3641+Central+Ave+Memphis+TN',
'926+E+McLemore+Ave+Memphis+TN',
'4339+Park+Ave+Memphis+TN',
'600+Goodwyn+St+Memphis+TN',
'2000+North+Pkwy+Memphis+TN',
'262+Danny+Thomas+Pl+Memphis+TN',
'125+N+Front+St+Memphis+TN',
'5959+Park+Ave+Memphis+TN',
'814+Scott+St+Memphis+TN',
'1005+Tillman+St+Memphis+TN'
]
Solicitações de API
Uma solicitação da API Distance Matrix é uma string longa que contém o seguinte:
- Endereço da API:
https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/distancematrix/json?. O final da solicitação,json, solicita a resposta em JSON. - Opções de solicitação. Neste exemplo,
units=imperialdefine o idioma da resposta como inglês. - Endereços de origem: pontos de partida da viagem. Por exemplo,
&origins=3610+Hacks+Cross+Rd+Memphis+TN.
Os espaços no endereço são substituídos pelo caractere+. Vários endereços são separados por um|. - Endereços de destino: pontos de destino de viagem. Por exemplo,
&destinations=3734+Elvis+Presley+Blvd+Memphis+TN - A chave de API: credenciais para a solicitação, no formato
&key=YOUR_API_KEY.
Esta é a solicitação completa para a origem e o destino únicos mostrados acima depois de "Endereços de origem" e "Endereços de destino".
https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/distancematrix/json?units=imperial&origins=3610+Hacks+Cross+Rd+Memphis+TN&destinations=3734+Elvis+Presley+Blvd+Memphis+TN&key=YOUR_API_KEY
Esta é a resposta à solicitação.
{
"destination_addresses" : [ "1921 Elvis Presley Blvd, Memphis, TN 38106, USA" ],
"origin_addresses" : [ "3610 Hacks Cross Rd, Memphis, TN 38125, USA" ],
"rows" : [
{
"elements" : [
{
"distance" : {
"text" : "15.2 mi",
"value" : 24392
},
"duration" : {
"text" : "21 mins",
"value" : 1264
},
"status" : "OK"
}
]
}
],
"status" : "OK"
}
A resposta contém a distância (em milhas e metros) e a duração da viagem (em minutos e segundos) entre os dois endereços.
Consulte a documentação da API Distance Matrix para saber detalhes sobre solicitações e respostas.
Calcular a matriz de distância
Para calcular a matriz de distância, queremos enviar uma única solicitação contendo todos os 16 endereços como origem e destino.
No entanto, isso não é possível porque isso exigiria pares de origem-destino 16x16=256, enquanto a API está restrita a 100 pares por solicitação. Precisamos fazer várias solicitações.
Como cada linha da matriz contém 16 entradas, é possível calcular no máximo seis
linhas por solicitação, exigindo pares 6x16=96. Podemos calcular a matriz inteira em três solicitações, que retornam 6, 6 e 4.
O código abaixo calcula a matriz de distância da seguinte maneira:
- Divida os 16 endereços em dois grupos de seis endereços e um grupo de quatro endereços.
- Para cada grupo, crie e envie uma solicitação para os endereços de origem no grupo e todos os endereços de destino. Consulte Criar e enviar uma solicitação.
- Use a resposta para criar as linhas correspondentes da matriz e concatenar as linhas (que são apenas listas do Python). Consulte Criar linhas da matriz de distância.
def create_distance_matrix(data):
addresses = data["addresses"]
API_key = data["API_key"]
# Distance Matrix API only accepts 100 elements per request, so get rows in multiple requests.
max_elements = 100
num_addresses = len(addresses) # 16 in this example.
# Maximum number of rows that can be computed per request (6 in this example).
max_rows = max_elements // num_addresses
# num_addresses = q * max_rows + r (q = 2 and r = 4 in this example).
q, r = divmod(num_addresses, max_rows)
dest_addresses = addresses
distance_matrix = []
# Send q requests, returning max_rows rows per request.
for i in range(q):
origin_addresses = addresses[i * max_rows: (i + 1) * max_rows]
response = send_request(origin_addresses, dest_addresses, API_key)
distance_matrix += build_distance_matrix(response)
# Get the remaining remaining r rows, if necessary.
if r > 0:
origin_addresses = addresses[q * max_rows: q * max_rows + r]
response = send_request(origin_addresses, dest_addresses, API_key)
distance_matrix += build_distance_matrix(response)
return distance_matrix
Criar e enviar uma solicitação
A função a seguir cria e envia uma solicitação para um determinado conjunto de endereços de origem e destino.
def send_request(origin_addresses, dest_addresses, API_key):
""" Build and send request for the given origin and destination addresses."""
def build_address_str(addresses):
# Build a pipe-separated string of addresses
address_str = ''
for i in range(len(addresses) - 1):
address_str += addresses[i] + '|'
address_str += addresses[-1]
return address_str
request = 'https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/distancematrix/json?units=imperial'
origin_address_str = build_address_str(origin_addresses)
dest_address_str = build_address_str(dest_addresses)
request = request + '&origins=' + origin_address_str + '&destinations=' + \
dest_address_str + '&key=' + API_key
jsonResult = urllib.urlopen(request).read()
response = json.loads(jsonResult)
return response
A subfunção build_address_string concatena endereços separados pelo
caractere de barra vertical, |.
O código restante na função monta as partes da solicitação descritas acima e envia a solicitação. A linha
response = json.loads(jsonResult)
converte o resultado bruto em um objeto Python.
Criar linhas da matriz
A função a seguir cria linhas da matriz de distância usando a resposta retornada pela função send_request.
def build_distance_matrix(response):
distance_matrix = []
for row in response['rows']:
row_list = [row['elements'][j]['distance']['value'] for j in range(len(row['elements']))]
distance_matrix.append(row_list)
return distance_matrix
A linha
row_list = [row['elements'][j]['distance']['value'] for j in range(len(row['elements']))]
extrai as distâncias entre locais de uma linha da resposta. É possível
comparar isso com uma parte da resposta (convertida por json.loads) para uma
única origem e destino, mostrados abaixo.
{u'status': u'OK', u'rows':
[{u'elements': [{u'duration': {u'text': u'21 mins', u'value': 1264},
u'distance': {u'text': u'15.2 mi', u'value': 24392},
u'status': u'OK'}]}],
u'origin_addresses': [u'3610 Hacks Cross Rd, Memphis, TN 38125, USA'],
u'destination_addresses': [u'1921 Elvis Presley Blvd, Memphis, TN 38106, USA']}
Se você quiser criar uma matriz de tempo com os tempos de viagem entre os locais, substitua 'distance' por 'duration' na função build_distance_matrix.
Executar o programa
O código a seguir na função main executa o programa
def main(): """Entry point of the program""" # Create the data. data = create_data() addresses = data['addresses'] API_key = data['API_key'] distance_matrix = create_distance_matrix(data) print(distance_matrix)
Quando você executa o programa, ele mostra a matriz de distância, conforme mostrado abaixo.
[[0, 24392, 33384, 14963, 31992, 32054, 20866, 28427, 15278, 21439, 28765, 34618, 35177, 10612, 26762, 27278], [25244, 0, 8314, 10784, 6922, 6984, 10678, 3270, 10707, 7873, 11350, 9548, 10107, 19176, 12139, 13609], [34062, 8491, 0, 14086, 4086, 1363, 11008, 4239, 13802, 9627, 7179, 1744, 925, 27994, 9730, 10531], [15494, 13289, 13938, 0, 11065, 12608, 4046, 10970, 581, 5226, 10788, 15500, 16059, 5797, 9180, 9450], [33351, 7780, 4096, 11348, 0, 2765, 7364, 4464, 11064, 6736, 3619, 4927, 5485, 20823, 6170, 7076], [32731, 7160, 1363, 12755, 2755, 0, 9677, 3703, 12471, 8297, 7265, 2279, 2096, 26664, 9816, 9554], [19636, 10678, 11017, 4038, 7398, 9687, 0, 9159, 3754, 2809, 7099, 10740, 11253, 8970, 5491, 5928], [29097, 3270, 4257, 11458, 4350, 3711, 9159, 0, 11174, 6354, 10160, 5178, 5258, 23029, 10620, 12419], [15809, 10707, 13654, 581, 10781, 12324, 3763, 10687, 0, 4943, 10504, 15216, 15775, 5216, 8896, 9166], [21831, 7873, 9406, 5226, 6282, 8075, 2809, 6354, 4943, 0, 6967, 10968, 11526, 10159, 5119, 6383], [28822, 11931, 6831, 11802, 3305, 6043, 7167, 10627, 11518, 7159, 0, 5361, 6422, 18351, 3267, 4068], [35116, 9545, 1771, 15206, 4648, 2518, 10967, 5382, 14922, 10747, 5909, 0, 1342, 29094, 8460, 9260], [36058, 10487, 927, 16148, 5590, 2211, 11420, 9183, 15864, 11689, 6734, 1392, 0, 30036, 9285, 10086], [11388, 19845, 28838, 5797, 20972, 27507, 8979, 23880, 5216, 10159, 18622, 29331, 29890, 0, 16618, 17135], [27151, 11444, 9719, 10131, 6193, 8945, 5913, 10421, 9847, 5374, 3335, 8249, 9309, 16680, 0, 1264], [27191, 14469, 10310, 9394, 7093, 9772, 5879, 13164, 9110, 6422, 3933, 8840, 9901, 16720, 1288, 0]]
Matriz de tempo de viagem
Como mencionado acima, você quer criar uma matriz de tempos de viagem entre locais (em vez de distâncias), basta substituir 'distance' por 'duration' na função build_distance_matrix. Quando você executa o programa
com essa mudança, ele mostra a seguinte matriz de tempo de viagem:
[[0, 1232, 1599, 964, 1488, 1441, 1291, 1323, 978, 1228, 1493, 1617, 1570, 765, 1272, 1359], [1333, 0, 653, 922, 542, 495, 864, 297, 917, 622, 783, 671, 624, 1059, 985, 904], [1669, 643, 0, 1291, 447, 161, 1021, 461, 1258, 862, 715, 419, 198, 1395, 855, 904], [1062, 862, 1262, 0, 946, 1104, 360, 926, 61, 482, 995, 1237, 1190, 589, 761, 839], [1626, 600, 475, 1008, 0, 317, 688, 505, 976, 630, 446, 475, 428, 1271, 587, 648], [1537, 511, 166, 1158, 314, 0, 889, 402, 1125, 730, 697, 430, 313, 1262, 837, 770], [1388, 891, 1022, 374, 668, 863, 0, 731, 341, 259, 731, 1110, 1091, 869, 496, 570], [1407, 303, 489, 934, 492, 410, 725, 0, 901, 482, 692, 580, 587, 1132, 845, 814], [1060, 914, 1215, 55, 899, 1057, 314, 880, 0, 435, 949, 1190, 1144, 528, 714, 792], [1314, 651, 855, 475, 605, 696, 260, 491, 443, 0, 700, 830, 783, 970, 489, 596], [1530, 801, 697, 990, 427, 625, 709, 721, 957, 663, 0, 542, 634, 1084, 338, 387], [1704, 678, 370, 1355, 508, 430, 1074, 598, 1322, 866, 564, 0, 297, 1405, 703, 752], [1612, 586, 215, 1201, 416, 359, 1070, 506, 1169, 773, 639, 313, 0, 1312, 778, 827], [861, 1074, 1441, 610, 1337, 1282, 869, 1164, 555, 990, 1157, 1433, 1386, 0, 936, 1022], [1375, 1045, 899, 795, 629, 825, 588, 901, 762, 549, 408, 744, 836, 929, 0, 107], [1428, 947, 957, 885, 692, 750, 599, 867, 852, 637, 362, 803, 894, 982, 111, 0]]
Como usar a matriz de distância em um programa VRP
Para conferir como usar a matriz de distância mostrada acima em um programa VRP, substitua a
matriz de distância no exemplo de VRP anterior pela
acima. Além disso, mude o valor do parâmetro maximum_distance na dimensão de distância para 70000. Quando você executa o programa modificado, ele retorna a
saída a seguir.
Route for vehicle 0: 0 -> 1 -> 7 -> 5 -> 4 -> 8 -> 0 Distance of route: 61001m Route for vehicle 1: 0 -> 0 Distance of route: 0m Route for vehicle 2: 0 -> 3 -> 2 -> 12 -> 11 -> 6 -> 0 Distance of route: 61821m Route for vehicle 3: 0 -> 13 -> 9 -> 10 -> 14 -> 15 -> 0 Distance of route: 59460m Total distance of all routes: 182282m
Todo o programa
Confira o programa inteiro abaixo.
import requests
import json
import urllib
def create_data():
"""Creates the data."""
data = {}
data['API_key'] = 'YOUR_API_KEY'
data['addresses'] = ['3610+Hacks+Cross+Rd+Memphis+TN', # depot
'1921+Elvis+Presley+Blvd+Memphis+TN',
'149+Union+Avenue+Memphis+TN',
'1034+Audubon+Drive+Memphis+TN',
'1532+Madison+Ave+Memphis+TN',
'706+Union+Ave+Memphis+TN',
'3641+Central+Ave+Memphis+TN',
'926+E+McLemore+Ave+Memphis+TN',
'4339+Park+Ave+Memphis+TN',
'600+Goodwyn+St+Memphis+TN',
'2000+North+Pkwy+Memphis+TN',
'262+Danny+Thomas+Pl+Memphis+TN',
'125+N+Front+St+Memphis+TN',
'5959+Park+Ave+Memphis+TN',
'814+Scott+St+Memphis+TN',
'1005+Tillman+St+Memphis+TN'
]
return data
def create_distance_matrix(data):
addresses = data["addresses"]
API_key = data["API_key"]
# Distance Matrix API only accepts 100 elements per request, so get rows in multiple requests.
max_elements = 100
num_addresses = len(addresses) # 16 in this example.
# Maximum number of rows that can be computed per request (6 in this example).
max_rows = max_elements // num_addresses
# num_addresses = q * max_rows + r (q = 2 and r = 4 in this example).
q, r = divmod(num_addresses, max_rows)
dest_addresses = addresses
distance_matrix = []
# Send q requests, returning max_rows rows per request.
for i in range(q):
origin_addresses = addresses[i * max_rows: (i + 1) * max_rows]
response = send_request(origin_addresses, dest_addresses, API_key)
distance_matrix += build_distance_matrix(response)
# Get the remaining remaining r rows, if necessary.
if r > 0:
origin_addresses = addresses[q * max_rows: q * max_rows + r]
response = send_request(origin_addresses, dest_addresses, API_key)
distance_matrix += build_distance_matrix(response)
return distance_matrix
def send_request(origin_addresses, dest_addresses, API_key):
""" Build and send request for the given origin and destination addresses."""
def build_address_str(addresses):
# Build a pipe-separated string of addresses
address_str = ''
for i in range(len(addresses) - 1):
address_str += addresses[i] + '|'
address_str += addresses[-1]
return address_str
request = 'https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/distancematrix/json?units=imperial'
origin_address_str = build_address_str(origin_addresses)
dest_address_str = build_address_str(dest_addresses)
request = request + '&origins=' + origin_address_str + '&destinations=' + \
dest_address_str + '&key=' + API_key
jsonResult = urllib.urlopen(request).read()
response = json.loads(jsonResult)
return response
def build_distance_matrix(response):
distance_matrix = []
for row in response['rows']:
row_list = [row['elements'][j]['distance']['value'] for j in range(len(row['elements']))]
distance_matrix.append(row_list)
return distance_matrix
########
# Main #
########
def main():
"""Entry point of the program"""
# Create the data.
data = create_data()
addresses = data['addresses']
API_key = data['API_key']
distance_matrix = create_distance_matrix(data)
print(distance_matrix)
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()