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Las operaciones matemáticas de imágenes se pueden realizar con operadores como add() y subtract(), pero para cálculos complejos con más de un par de términos, la función expression() proporciona una buena alternativa. Consulta las siguientes secciones para obtener más información sobre los operadores y las expresiones.
Operadores
Los operadores matemáticos realizan operaciones aritméticas básicas en las bandas de imágenes. Toman dos entradas:
dos imágenes o una imagen y un término constante, que se interpreta como una imagen constante de una sola banda sin píxeles enmascarados. Las operaciones se realizan por píxel para cada banda.
Como ejemplo básico, considera la tarea de calcular el índice de vegetación con diferencia normalizada (NDVI) con imágenes de VIIRS, en las que se usan los operadores add(), subtract() y divide():
Solo se considera la intersección de píxeles sin enmascarar entre las dos entradas y se muestra como sin enmascarar, todo lo demás se enmascara. En general, si cualquiera de las entradas solo tiene una banda, se usa en todas las bandas de la otra entrada. Si las entradas tienen la misma
cantidad de bandas, pero no los mismos nombres, se usan de a pares en el orden natural. Las bandas de salida se nombran según la más larga de las dos entradas o, si tienen la misma longitud, en el orden de la primera entrada. El tipo de los píxeles de salida es la unión de los tipos de entrada.
En el siguiente ejemplo de resta de imágenes multibanda, se muestra cómo se combinan las bandas automáticamente, lo que genera un "vector de cambio" para cada píxel de cada banda que se produce simultáneamente.
En la segunda parte de este ejemplo, la diferencia al cuadrado se calcula con image.pow(2). Para obtener la lista completa de operadores matemáticos que controlan la aritmética básica, la trigonometría, la exponenciación, el redondeo, el casting, las operaciones por bits y mucho más, consulta la documentación de la API.
Expresiones
Para implementar expresiones matemáticas más complejas, considera usar
image.expression(), que analiza una representación de texto de una operación matemática.
En el siguiente ejemplo, se usa expression() para calcular el índice de vegetación mejorado (EVI):
Observa que el primer argumento de expression() es la representación textual de la operación matemática, el segundo argumento es un diccionario en el que las claves son nombres de variables que se usan en la expresión y los valores son las bandas de imagen a las que se deben asignar las variables. Las bandas de la imagen pueden denominarse b("band name") o b(index), por ejemplo, b(0), en lugar de proporcionar el diccionario. Las bandas se pueden definir a partir de imágenes que no sean la entrada cuando se usa el diccionario del mapa de bandas. Ten en cuenta que expression() usa la "división entera", que descarta el resto y muestra un número entero cuando se dividen dos números enteros. Por ejemplo, 10 / 20 = 0. Para cambiar este comportamiento, multiplica uno de los operandos por 1.0: 10 * 1.0 / 20 = 0.5. Solo se considera la intersección de los píxeles sin enmascarar y se muestra como sin enmascarar cuando se evalúan bandas de más de una imagen de origen. En la siguiente tabla, se indican los operadores de expresión admitidos.
[null,null,["Última actualización: 2025-07-25 (UTC)"],[[["\u003cp\u003eEarth Engine provides tools for performing image math, including operators for basic arithmetic and the \u003ccode\u003eexpression()\u003c/code\u003e function for complex computations.\u003c/p\u003e\n"],["\u003cp\u003eOperators like \u003ccode\u003eadd()\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003esubtract()\u003c/code\u003e, and \u003ccode\u003edivide()\u003c/code\u003e enable pixel-wise calculations between images or an image and a constant.\u003c/p\u003e\n"],["\u003cp\u003eThe \u003ccode\u003eexpression()\u003c/code\u003e function allows implementing custom formulas by parsing text representations of mathematical operations and mapping variables to image bands.\u003c/p\u003e\n"],["\u003cp\u003eWhen using \u003ccode\u003eexpression()\u003c/code\u003e, ensure to handle integer division appropriately by multiplying one operand by \u003ccode\u003e1.0\u003c/code\u003e to preserve decimal values if needed.\u003c/p\u003e\n"],["\u003cp\u003eBoth operators and expressions automatically handle band matching and masking, considering only unmasked pixels in the calculations.\u003c/p\u003e\n"]]],[],null,["# Mathematical Operations\n\n|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| [Run in Google Colab](https://colab.research.google.com/github/google/earthengine-community/blob/master/guides/linked/generated/image_math.ipynb) | [View source on GitHub](https://github.com/google/earthengine-community/blob/master/guides/linked/generated/image_math.ipynb) |\n\nImage math can be performed using operators like `add()` and\n`subtract()`, but for complex computations with more than a couple of terms, the\n`expression()` function provides a good alternative. See the following sections\nfor more information on [operators](#operators) and\n[expressions](#expressions).\n\nOperators\n---------\n\nMath operators perform basic arithmetic operations on image bands. They take two inputs:\neither two images or one image and a constant term, which\nis interpreted as a single-band constant image with no masked pixels. Operations are performed\nper pixel for each band.\n\nAs a basic example, consider the task of calculating the Normalized Difference Vegetation\nIndex (NDVI) using VIIRS imagery, where `add()`, `subtract()`,\nand `divide()` operators are used:\n\n### Code Editor (JavaScript)\n\n```javascript\n// Load a VIIRS 8-day surface reflectance composite for May 2024.\nvar viirs202405 = ee.ImageCollection('NASA/VIIRS/002/VNP09H1').filter(\n ee.Filter.date('2024-05-01', '2024-05-16')).first();\n\n// Compute NDVI.\nvar ndvi202405 = viirs202405.select('SurfReflect_I2')\n .subtract(viirs202405.select('SurfReflect_I1'))\n .divide(viirs202405.select('SurfReflect_I2')\n .add(viirs202405.select('SurfReflect_I1')));\n```\nPython setup\n\nSee the [Python Environment](/earth-engine/guides/python_install) page for information on the Python API and using\n`geemap` for interactive development. \n\n```python\nimport ee\nimport geemap.core as geemap\n```\n\n### Colab (Python)\n\n```python\n# Load a VIIRS 8-day surface reflectance composite for May 2024.\nviirs202405 = (\n ee.ImageCollection('NASA/VIIRS/002/VNP09H1')\n .filter(ee.Filter.date('2024-05-01', '2024-05-16'))\n .first()\n)\n\n# Compute NDVI.\nndvi202405 = (\n viirs202405.select('SurfReflect_I2')\n .subtract(viirs202405.select('SurfReflect_I1'))\n .divide(\n viirs202405.select('SurfReflect_I2').add(\n viirs202405.select('SurfReflect_I1')\n )\n )\n)\n```\n| **Note:** the normalized difference operation is available as a shortcut method: [`normalizedDifference()`](/earth-engine/apidocs/ee-image-normalizeddifference).\n\nOnly the intersection of unmasked pixels between the two inputs are\nconsidered and returned as unmasked, all else are masked. In general, if either input has only\none band, then it is used against all the bands in the other input. If the inputs have the same\nnumber of bands, but not the same names, they're used pairwise in the natural order. The\noutput bands are named for the longer of the two inputs, or if they're equal in length, in the\nfirst input's order. The type of the output pixels is the union of the input types.\n\nThe following example of multi-band image subtraction demonstrates how bands are matched\nautomatically, resulting in a \"change vector\" for each pixel for each co-occurring band.\n\n### Code Editor (JavaScript)\n\n```javascript\n// Load a VIIRS 8-day surface reflectance composite for September 2024.\nvar viirs202409 = ee.ImageCollection('NASA/VIIRS/002/VNP09H1').filter(\n ee.Filter.date('2024-09-01', '2024-09-16')).first();\n\n// Compute multi-band difference between the September composite and the\n// previously loaded May composite.\nvar diff = viirs202409.subtract(ndvi202405);\nMap.addLayer(diff, {\n bands: ['SurfReflect_I1', 'SurfReflect_I2', 'SurfReflect_I3'],\n min: -1,\n max: 1\n}, 'difference');\n\n// Compute the squared difference in each band.\nvar squaredDifference = diff.pow(2);\nMap.addLayer(squaredDifference, {\n bands: ['SurfReflect_I1', 'SurfReflect_I2', 'SurfReflect_I3'],\n min: 0,\n max: 0.7\n}, 'squared diff.');\n```\nPython setup\n\nSee the [Python Environment](/earth-engine/guides/python_install) page for information on the Python API and using\n`geemap` for interactive development. \n\n```python\nimport ee\nimport geemap.core as geemap\n```\n\n### Colab (Python)\n\n```python\n# Load a VIIRS 8-day surface reflectance composite for September 2024.\nviirs202409 = (\n ee.ImageCollection('NASA/VIIRS/002/VNP09H1')\n .filter(ee.Filter.date('2024-09-01', '2024-09-16'))\n .first()\n)\n\n# Compute multi-band difference between the September composite and the\n# previously loaded May composite.\ndiff = viirs202409.subtract(ndvi202405)\n\nm = geemap.Map()\nm.add_layer(\n diff,\n {\n 'bands': ['SurfReflect_I1', 'SurfReflect_I2', 'SurfReflect_I3'],\n 'min': -1,\n 'max': 1,\n },\n 'difference',\n)\n\n# Compute the squared difference in each band.\nsquared_difference = diff.pow(2)\n\nm.add_layer(\n squared_difference,\n {\n 'bands': ['SurfReflect_I1', 'SurfReflect_I2', 'SurfReflect_I3'],\n 'min': 0,\n 'max': 0.7,\n },\n 'squared diff.',\n)\ndisplay(m)\n```\n\nIn the second part of this example, the squared difference is computed using\n`image.pow(2)`. For the complete list of mathematical operators handling\nbasic arithmetic, trigonometry, exponentiation, rounding, casting, bitwise operations\nand more, see the [API documentation](/earth-engine/apidocs).\n\nExpressions\n-----------\n\nTo implement more complex mathematical expressions, consider using\n`image.expression()`, which parses a text representation of a math operation.\nThe following example uses `expression()` to compute the Enhanced\nVegetation Index (EVI):\n\n### Code Editor (JavaScript)\n\n```javascript\n// Load a Landsat 8 image.\nvar image = ee.Image('LANDSAT/LC08/C02/T1_TOA/LC08_044034_20140318');\n\n// Compute the EVI using an expression.\nvar evi = image.expression(\n '2.5 * ((NIR - RED) / (NIR + 6 * RED - 7.5 * BLUE + 1))', {\n 'NIR': image.select('B5'),\n 'RED': image.select('B4'),\n 'BLUE': image.select('B2')\n});\n\nMap.centerObject(image, 9);\nMap.addLayer(evi, {min: -1, max: 1, palette: ['a6611a', 'f5f5f5', '4dac26']});\n```\nPython setup\n\nSee the [Python Environment](/earth-engine/guides/python_install) page for information on the Python API and using\n`geemap` for interactive development. \n\n```python\nimport ee\nimport geemap.core as geemap\n```\n\n### Colab (Python)\n\n```python\n# Load a Landsat 8 image.\nimage = ee.Image('LANDSAT/LC08/C02/T1_TOA/LC08_044034_20140318')\n\n# Compute the EVI using an expression.\nevi = image.expression(\n '2.5 * ((NIR - RED) / (NIR + 6 * RED - 7.5 * BLUE + 1))',\n {\n 'NIR': image.select('B5'),\n 'RED': image.select('B4'),\n 'BLUE': image.select('B2'),\n },\n)\n\n# Define a map centered on San Francisco Bay.\nmap_evi = geemap.Map(center=[37.4675, -122.1363], zoom=9)\n\n# Add the image layer to the map and display it.\nmap_evi.add_layer(\n evi, {'min': -1, 'max': 1, 'palette': ['a6611a', 'f5f5f5', '4dac26']}, 'evi'\n)\ndisplay(map_evi)\n```\n\nObserve that the first argument to `expression()` is the textual representation of\nthe math operation, the second argument is a dictionary where the keys are variable names used\nin the expression and the values are the image bands to which the variables should be\nmapped. Bands in the image may be referred to as `b(\"band name\")` or\n`b(index)`, for example `b(0)`, instead\nof providing the dictionary. Bands can be defined from images other than the input when using\nthe band map dictionary. Note that `expression()` uses \"floor division\", which\ndiscards the remainder and returns an integer when two integers are divided. For example\n`10 / 20 = 0`. To change this behavior, multiply one of the operands by\n`1.0`: `10 * 1.0 / 20 = 0.5`. Only the intersection of unmasked pixels\nare considered and returned as unmasked when bands from more than one source image are\nevaluated. Supported expression operators are listed in the following table.\n\n| Type | Symbol | Name |\n|----------------|---------------------|----------------------------------------------------|\n| **Arithmetic** | + - \\* / % \\*\\* | Add, Subtract, Multiply, Divide, Modulus, Exponent |\n| **Relational** | == != \\\u003c \\\u003e \\\u003c= \\\u003e= | Equal, Not Equal, Less Than, Greater than, etc. |\n| **Logical** | \\&\\& \\|\\| ! \\^ | And, Or, Not, Xor |\n| **Ternary** | ? : | If then else |\n[Operators for `expression()`]"]]